The project gives a good introduction about the filters and what they are used for, as well as the data collected inside the lab and also for the material used to get the results. Also, for the graphs needed as in bode plots, and the interpretation of the results.
The project got a 98/100 mark. It...
!! I omitted the professor’s and students names for security reasons
5th December 2022
1. The purpose of the experiment
The purpose of this experiment is to learn about filter circuits and their applications in
real life, learn about frequency response in a circuit, and understand and use phasor circuit
analysis graphically demonstrate the effects of different passive component configurations on
different ranges of frequency
2. The apparatus of the experiment
The circuit of low pass filter: a resistance R1=16 k Ω and a capacitor C 1=22 nF
The circuit of high pass filter: a resistance R1=10 k Ω and a capacitor C 1=1 μF
The circuit of band pass: the low pass filter and high pass filter in series.
The circuit of band stop: the low pass filter and high pass filter in parallel.
Introduction :
, 2
Filtering circuits are important to many electronic designs because they remove unwanted
frequencies. Passive filters are a popular form; they are so-called because they do not need a
power supply and depend only on passive inductive (L), capacitive (C) and resistive (R)
components rather than active devices such as transistors. In this experiment we will learn
about and analyze different types of passive filters (high pass, low pass, band pass, band stop)
using RC circuits.
Elements of our circuits :
1- AC power supply:
a device that can supply variable power and frequency to a load. Represented in a
cicuit as:
An AC power source supplies an alternating electrical current that helps power or test
a separate piece of equipment by simulating electrical grid interruptions, harmonics,
surges, or other events that could cause a device under test to malfunction.
2- Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. It is represented in a circuit either as:
or
In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines.
3- Capacitor:
a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator. Generally represented as:
, 3
The main function of capacitors is to store electrostatic energy in an electric field, and
give this energy to the circuit, when necessary. They allow the AC to pass but block
the flow of DC to avoid a hazardous breakdown of the circuit.
4- Wires:
A wire is a flexible strand of metal, usually cylindrical, it is used to carry electric
current in the circuit. Represented in a circuit as a line.
Wires are used for establishing electrical conductivity between two devices of an
electrical circuit. They possess negligible resistance to the passage of current. The
wires are covered by an insulated coating of different colors.
5- Oscilloscope:
a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying electrical voltages
as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.
Description of each circuit :
1- High pass filter
A high pass filter consists of a capacitor and resistor in series.
The input waveform Vin is passed through the capacitor, and the output waveform Vout is
measured across the resistor. It can allow the high-frequency components greater than the cut-
off frequency and rejects all other unwanted frequency components of a signal.
Applications:
Used in speakers for amplification.
It is used in image processing for sharpening the images.
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