Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 6 exam

Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 6 exam Question 1 0 / 0 pts List the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and the structures found in each. Your Answer: The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system containing the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system containing spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS. The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS. Question 2 0 / 0 pts Describe the meninges and their function. Your Answer: The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord. The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges. It is thin and delicate and contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse the brain and spinal cord. The second layer of the meninges is the arachnoid layer. It encases the entire CNS and is delicate, nonvascular, and waterproof. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in an are just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space. The third layer of the meninges is known as the dura mater. The dura mater is a strong, continuous connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and spinal cord with most of its protection. The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord. The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges. It is thin and delicate and contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse the brain and spinal cord. The second layer of the meninges is the arachnoid layer. It encases the entire CNS and is delicate, nonvascular, and waterproof. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in an area just below the arachnoid layer called the subarachnoid space. The third layer of the meninges is known as the dura mater. The dura mater is a strong, continuous connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and spinal cord with most of its protection. Question 3 0 / 0 pts Describe how CSF is produced and its function. Your Answer: CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting them from outside physical force. It maintains a constant ionic environment that allows for the diffusion of essential nutrients, electrolytes, and metabolic waste products into the extracellular fluid surrounding the CNS neurons. A thin layer of neuroglial cells, collectively known as the ependyma, line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal cells called the choroid plexus project into the ventricles and produce CSF. CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting them from outside physical force. It maintains a constant ionic environment that allows for the diffusion of essential nutrients, electrolytes, and metabolic waste products into the extracellular fluid surrounding the CNS neurons. A thin layer of neuroglial cells, collectively known as the ependyma, line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal cells called the choroid plexus project into the ventricles and produce CSF. Be familiar with the cranial nerves and their general function. Refer to Table 6.1 Question 4 0 / 0 pts What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons? Your Answer: Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain. Efferent neurons will carry motor output from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery. Afferent neurons carry sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain while efferent neurons carry motor output from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery. Be familiar with each division of the nervous system and their function. Refer to Figure 6.4 Question 5 0 / 0 pts List the neuroglial cells of the CNS and PNS. Your Answer: CNS -- oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells PNS -- satellite cells and Schwann cells CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and the ependymal cells. PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells Question 6 0 / 0 pts Describe each phase of an action potential. Your Answer: Phase 1 -- Resting potential: during the resting phase, both sodium and potassium gates are closed. Phase 2 -- Depolarization: the sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40mV. Phase 3 -- Repolarization: the sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative voltage to the inside of the axon. Phase 4 -- Hyperpolarization: (After polarization) Potassium gates are slow to close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re-established. Phase 1: Resting Potential: During the resting phase, both sodium and potassium gates are closed. Phase 2: Depolarization: The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40 mV. Phase 3: Repolarization: The sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative voltage to the inside of the axon. Phase 4: After-polarization, also called hyperpolarization. Potassium gates are slow to close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below -70mV and then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re-established. Question 7 0 / 0 pts Describe 3 ways in which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft. Your Answer: 1. A neurotransmitter can be broken down by enzymatic activity into inactive substances. 2. A neurotransmitter can be drawn back into the presynaptic neuron by a process known as reuptake. 3. A neurotransmitter can diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too low to elicit a postsynaptic response. A neurotransmitter can be broken d