PHIL 210 NOTES CRITICAL THINKING COMPLETE COURSE LECTURE NOTES 2023 A+ MATERIAL (CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY)
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PHIL 210
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PHIL 210 NOTES CRITICAL THINKING COMPLETE COURSE LECTURE NOTES 2023 A+ MATERIAL (CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY)
Phil 210 Notes
Week 1
Lesson 1: Deductive Argument Argument:
1. In the first definition an ar...
phil 210 notes critical thinking complete course lecture notes 2023 a material concordia university
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lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
PHIL 210 NOTES
CRITICAL THINKING
COMPLETE COURSE
LECTURE NOTES
2023 A+ MATERIAL
(CONCORDIA
UNIVERSITY)
,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
Phil 210 Notes
Week 1
Lesson 1: Deductive Argument
Argument:
1. In the first definition an argument is something given by a particular speaker, in a given
context, in order to convince an audience of a certain point.
2. The second definition is more idealized, but often very helpful for understanding
arguments.
An argument is a series of statements (premises) that are intended to lend support to a
conclusion.
Validity: An argument is valid if it is not possible for the premises to all be true and the
conclusion false. (for a certain possibility. Is the premises possibility true)
EX: If Stephen Harper is a fish, then he spends his life under water.
He is a fish.
So he spends his life under water.
Soundness:
An argument is sound if it meets two conditions:
1) It is valid.
2) All of its premises are true.
Note on Terminology
• Validity and soundness apply to arguments (not to assertions).
• Truth and falsehood apply to assertions (not to arguments).
• Premises imply a conclusion.
• People infer a statement.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 6353920
Types of Arguments
The premises interrelate in order to form a
Linked:
single case for the conclusion.
The argument contains one or more sub-
Sequential: conclusions that in turn function as
premises for the overall conclusion.
The premises provide multiple distinct
Convergent:
lines of support for the conclusion.
Recognizing Validity
What type of Either snarfs do not binfundle, or they This has the form:
argument is it? podinkle.
1. Either not-p or q.
If snarfs binfundle, then they rangulate.
2. If p, then r.
Snarfs do not podinkle.
3. Not-q.
Therefore,
Therefore,
Snarfs do not binfundle. Therefore,
4. Not-p.
Snarfs do not rangulate. Therefore,
5. Not-r.
Is it a valid Demonstrate the argument’s invalidity snarfs = foxes
argument form? using the method of counterexample:
Construct a parallel argument in which binfundle = lay eggs
each of ‘snarfs’, ‘binfundle’, ‘podinkle’ podinkle = have scales
and ‘rangulate’ are replaced by English rangulate = reproduce
terms, with the result that each of the
premises (including the intermediate 1. Either foxes do not lay
conclusions) is true, but the final eggs, or they have
conclusion is false. scales. (True)
2. If foxes lay eggs, then
foxes reproduce. (True)
3. Foxes do not have
scales. (True)
Therefore,
4. Foxes do not lay eggs.
(True) Therefore,
5. Foxes do not reproduce.
(False)
Where does the It goes wrong at the last stage. The first
argument go inference is fine; it is disjunctive
wrong? syllogism using premises 1 and 3.
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