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Principles of economics and business 1: short summary

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short summary of principles of economics and business 1

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  • January 9, 2023
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  • 2021/2022
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Adam smith
Chapter 1: division of labor
- The increase in productivity is the effect of a division in labor
- Specialization increases productivity due to:
1) learning on the job: it increases the dexterity (skill) of every workman
2) elimination if switching costs: it saves time passing between varieties of work
(mind has to adjust to performing a new task, which consumes time)
3) R&D: it encourages inventions of machines that facilitate labor
When whole attention is directed towards a single object

Chapter 2: on the principle which gives occasion to division of labor
- It is human nature to have a propensity (neiging) to exchange
- Exchanges are made based on self-interest

Chapter 3: division of labor is limited by extent (omvang) of the market
- Division of labor should be limited to the extent(omvang) of the market (other
words: the more individuals a person can sell their products to, the more specialized
that person should be). Depends where you live. If you live in big city you can trade
the surplus of your products for something else.
- AANGEZIEN het de ruilkracht is die aanleiding geeft tot de arbeidsverdeling, zo moet
de omvang van deze verdeling altijd worden beperkt door de omvang van die macht,
of met andere woorden, door de omvang van de markt. Wanneer de markt erg klein
is, heeft niemand enige aanmoediging om zich volledig aan één baan te wijden,
omdat de macht ontbreekt om al dat overtollige deel van de opbrengst van zijn
eigen arbeid, dat boven zijn eigen consumptie uitkomt, in te ruilen voor de delen van
de opbrengst van de arbeid van andere mensen waar hij gelegenheid voor heeft.

- Talent is niet aangeboren maar leer je door het leven heen.
- Specialization makes people dependent on each other. Man needs each other to
make one product.

- Limitations of the division of labour
1. technical
2. the extent of the market (barriers to trade, geography, information)
3. work alienation: repetitive and boring, loss of self-responsibility and job pride, can
lead to carelessness and bad quality products
3. dependence, reduces mobility and bargaining power, worker exploitation
4. inflation comes from printing extra money

Friedrich A. Hayek – the use of knowledge in society
Section I
- To answer what is the best use of the available means: equal MRS with MRT
- Hayek points out that this is not the economic problem that society fades
- Here lies the question: how can we best allocate our limited resources over their
alternative uses, when the relevant knowledge is not given to anyone in its totality?
- Je kan niet alle informatie hebben, want ieder individueel heeft andere informatie.
Dus je kan niet de hele markt begrijpen. Iedereen heeft klein beetje informatie, die

, uniek zijn voor die persoon, en die informatie kan ook tegenstrijdig kan zijn. En het is
onmogelijk om dit allemaal op 1 plek/centraal te verzamelen
Section II
- All economic activity relates to planning and has to be based on knowledge
- His question is: how can we utilize society’s knowledge the best when it is dispersed
among all the people (other words: who should do the planning, one central
authority of many individuals?)
- Een centrale regeringsvorm zou nooit alle benodigde informatie kunnen hebben.
Een individueel heeft vaak betere kennis om beslissingen te nemen. Daarom is het
beter dat besluiten decentraal (?) worden genomen.
Bijv. een boer heeft betere kennis over het verbouwen van gewassen dan de
centrale regering
Section III
- Scientific knowledge is not the sum of all knowledge
omdat elke individueel heeft andere kennis/informatie en dit weet je niet allemaal
(zie vraag 1 en 2). Dit kun je niet op 1 plek verzamelen.
Hayek maakt onderscheid tussen 2 soorten kennis: scientific knowledge
wettenschappelijke kennis (kan je verzamelen) en knowlegde of particular
circumstances of time and place (kun je niet op 1 plek verzamelen).

Section IV
- People underestimate the importance and frequency of changes
- Economists tend to neglect the constant small changes that make full economic
understanding (because economists work with statistical aggregates) which shows
very much greater stability than the movements in detail. But points out that
knowledge about time and place he is referring to by its very nature cannot enter
into statistics.
- 1. Er wordt alleen naar het grote plaatje gekeken, in de grote cijfers (gemiddeldes).
Dus dan kun je niet naar de kleine details kijken die wel belangrijk zijn. (Er wordt
alleen naar het grote plaatje gekeken en niet naar de kleine dingen die ook kunnen
veranderen )

- 2. Teruggekeken naar knowlegde of particular circumstances of time and place. De
individuelen hebben dus die kennis en op basis daarvan kunnen zij ook op de
kleine dingen die belangrijk zijn letten. En als je centraal planned dan zie je dat ook
vaak over het hoofd.
- Relevant knowledge for market transactions is not primarily statistics.
Section V
- Hayek explains how a centrally planned economy could never be as efficient as a
free market because individual leaders do not possess the information that the
public possesses
- Competition uses knowledge of many different people while contrary central
planning utilizes the knowledge of a small group or single individual
- Hayek believes that individuals should possess their own freedom and options in
the market
- It is inefficient to stick to a stringent plan created by a central authority: as it could
never take direct account of the knowledge of certain time and place

, Section VI
- Hayek acknowledges that the price mechanism is used for the transmission of
information
- Prices respond to actions of those people.
- Price mechanism registers variation and we must regard the mechanism as a method
for communicating information
- Door middel van prijsmechanisme krijg je alle informatie die je nodigt hebt. Je krijgt
niet alle kennis maar je krijgt genoeg om beslissingen te kunnen nemen. Dus stel er
is een oogst mislukt van graan dan gaat de prijs van het brood omhoog. Als je dan in
de supermarkt bent om brood te kopen en je ziet dat de prijs omhoog is gegaan dan
vertelt dat jij genoeg. Je kan dan zelf achterhalen waarom de prijs omhoog is gegaan 
oogst mislukt, productieproces dat is misgegaan.
- The price mechanism continuously communicates information to individuals, who
do not have to understand the mechanism in order to use it. (called marvel)
Section VII
- The values of the production factors do not depend solely on the valuation of the
consumer’s goods, but also the conditions of the supply of the various factors of
production.
- information is never all presented to a single individual or group. it is necessary to
spread the knowledge among many individuals as a solution.
- Het verschil tussen Adam Smith en Hayek is dus, Hayek zegt dat het bij toeval, een
individueel richt zich op één taak en wordt onbedoeld er beter in, is gebeurt en
volgens Smith ligt het in de menselijke natuur. Uiteindelijk komen ze op dezelfde
conclusie alleen de manier waarop het is gebeurt is anders.

Ronald Coase – The nature of the firm
- the nature of the firm describes why the economy consists of various firms rather
than solely comprising of countless individual workers negotiating with each other
- transaction costs: labeled as the costs of obtaining goods and services through the
market. (besides simply the product price, these expenses include negotiation, time,
vetting suppliers, and contract enforcement)
- firm eliminates transaction costs by composing myriad long-term contracts to lessen
these unnecessary costs.
- Een bedrijf heeft specialisten en heeft lage transactiekosten. In plaats van steeds
nieuwe contracten te onderhandelen kan een bedrijf later (?) contracten regelen
waardoor de transactiekosten omlaag gaan.
- This contract coordinates a power that allocates resources, known as a firm
- Firms that increase and lower the costs of vertical integration, known as the firm
merging two or more production stages in-house, end up being more efficient
- Although firms are proven to be more efficient than individual workers, there are
limits to the effectiveness of firm expansion.
- Een firma wordt groter wanneer het goedkoper is om zelf dingen te regelen dan in
plaats de markt te gebruiken
- These factors affect the size of the firm: transactiekosten, entrepreneur,
prijsgrondstoffen, technologische ontwikkelingen
- Coase says that the expense of planning additional transactions within it increases.

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