PATHO FINAL EXAM 2022 LATEST VERSION 2022

PATHO FINAL EXAM 2022 LATEST VERSION 2022 2 1. What is a characteristic of coronary artery disease (CAD) o The build-up of infectious by-products in the lymph nodes o Insufficient delivery of oxygenated bold to the myocardium o Insufficient delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs o The build-up of bile in the stomach and gall bladder 2. (a) Which of the following are normal arterial blood gas values? o PH 7.25, PaCO2 52mm Hg, PA02 75 mm Hg, HCO3 18 mEq/L o PH 7.50, PaCo2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 80 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mEq/L o PH 7.40, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, Pa02 90 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L o PH 7.15, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 50 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L (b) Identify the normal arterial blood gas values o PH 7.26; PaCO2 55 mmHg; HCO3 18 MEq/L ; Pa02 75 mmHg o PH 7.37; PaCO2 42 mmHg; HCO3 24 mEq/L; PaO2 90 mmHg o pH 7.32; PaCO2 48 mmHg; HCO3 18 mEq/L; PaO2 82 mm Hg o pH 7.50; PaCO2 32 mmHg; HCO3 28 mEq/L; PaO2 80 mm Hg 2 3. . What happens to a client with polycythemia? o Deficient plasma in the blood o Increased lymphatic fluid being produced o Increased red blood cells being produced o Deficient number of red blood cells 4. . What condition can be caused by excessive amount of growth hormone (GH)released by the pituitary gland in childhood before epiphyseal plates of the long bones have. o Acromegaly o Gigantism o Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone o Dwarfism 5. Which of the following describes the damage to the brain that results in cerebral palsy? o Reversible with cognitive therapy with the infant client o Transient and resolvesin adulthood from physical therapy 2 o Manifested as an adult after normal childhood activities o Irreversible and occurs before, during or after birth or infancy 6. What is reperfusion injury? o Healing bone tissue after fracture o Skin wound tunneling and shear o Secondary injury after reestablishing blood flow o Injury after blood transfusion 7. . Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? o Magnesium o Sodium o Chloride o Bicarbonate 2 o Deficient number of red blood cells 8. Which of the following stores electrolytes and acts as an electrolyte pool? o Brain - Kidneys o Bone - Nails 9. Which of the following imbalances is found in clients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? o Decreased insulin production o Decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production o increased secretion of antidiuretic home (ADH) o Increased production of insulin 10.. What causes secondary brain injury after head trauma? o Brain injury resulting from the body’sresponse to tissue damage o Brain injury resulting from initial trauma o Injury as a result of medical therapy o Focal areas of bleeding 2 11.Which of the following steps happens first during hemostasis? o Vascularspasm o Platelet plug o Coagulation o Dissolving of the clot 12.What is the treatment for clients with hemophilia A? o Chemotherapy o Factor VIII replacement o Heparin administration o Bone marrow transplant 13.. Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? o The bladder and urethra o The brain and skin o The heart and kidneys o The stomach and intestines 2 14.(a) What is the distinguishing feature of Hodgkin disease noted on histologic exam? Need to know o Reed-Sternberg cells o Red-stained cells o Human Papillomavirus o B-cells and T-cells (b) A client has Reed-Sternberg cells noted on a lab histologic study. What condition presents in this manner? o Chronic myeloid leukemia o Infectious mononucleosis o Non-Hodgkin’slymphoma o Hodgkin’slymphoma 15.Which of the following described what is occurring in the body of clients experiencing hypovolemia? 2 o Increased urine retention o Insufficient circulating blood volume o Bounding peripheral pulses o Crackles auscultated in the lungs 16.What is the common denominator of all forms of heart failure? o pulmonary edema o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Reduced cardiac output 17. . What is the most sensitive indicator of altered brain function? o The ability to perform complex mathematics o Altered level of consciousness o The lack of cerebrospinal fluid production o Intact cranial nerve functions 2 18.Which of the following is NOT an example of clinical manifestations of leukemia and lymphoma? o Fatigue o Increased risk bleeding o Increased risk of infections o Increased energy and strength 19. Right sided heart failure is characterized by: o Immunosuppression o Pulmonary edema o Peripheral edema o Coughing 20.A tension pneumothorax requires a needle thoracotomy and/or chest tube placement astreatment to which component of the pathophysiology of the condition? o An accumulation of blood in the pleural space, which makes it difficult for the lungs to exchange gases. o Extreme pain caused by a fractured rib 2 o A large accumulation of trapped air in the pleural space affecting both the lungs and heart, o Sudden failure of the respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli 21. what typically causes contact dermatitis o Fungal infection o Long term disorder from gout o Contact with a skin allergen o Staphylococcal infection 22.Which of the following are clinical manifestation of leftsided heart failure? (Select all that apply) o Shortness of breath o Crackles auscultated in the lungs o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Cough with frothy sputum 2 23. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension (HTN)? o High sugar, low-fat diet o Increased physical activity o Tobacco use o Low fat diet causes atherosclerotic plaques to form in the body o Poor dietary modification o Administration ofstatin medication o Interruption of blood flow to the brain o Injury to the endothelium of the coronary arteries 25.Which of the following is a characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation? (DIC)? o Simultaneousstroke and heart attack o Simultaneous clotting and bleeding o Simultaneous clotting and insulin release 2 o Simultaneous bleeding and vomiting 26.. What of the following best describes sepsis? o An overwhelming allergic reaction o Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen ‘s endotoxins o Unknown causes resulting in hypertension o Poor nursing and health care provider interventions 27.A patient has acute respiratory failure (ARF). Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? o Alkalosis and hyperventilation o Hypoxemia and hypercapnia o Alkalosis and high potassium o Elevated sodium and acidosis 28.. What is the process of moving air into the lungs with subsequent distribution to the alveoli called? o Ventilation 2 o Aeration o Enclosure vapor o Residual volume 29.Which of the following can lead to impaired neurological function in clients with increased intracranial pressure? (Select all that apply) o Decreased perfusion of the brain tissue o The ability of the tissue to autoregulate the pressure o Inflammation of the brain o Compression of the brain o Increased tissue oxygenation 30.Which of the following hormones helps to raise the blood sugar level to help maintain homeostasis? o Antidiuretic hormones(ADH) o Insulin o Glucagon 2 o Thyroxine 31.A client diagnosed with heart failure displays bilateral pitting edema of the lower extremities. Which of the following terms is used to describe this finding? o Contraindication o Sign o Symptom o Subjective data 32.Which of the following is a cause of edema? o Decreased plasma proteins o Hypotension o Dehydration o Polyuria 33. Which clients are at highest for pneumonia? o Those in their 20s and 0s and generally health o Those who exercise regular and not exposed to pathogens 2 o Those who are hospitalized and immunocompromised o Those who have adequate respiratory function 34.Which of the following is found in clients with Parkinson’s diseases? o Mobility and functioning o The liver and kidneys o Too much dopamine in the brain o Skeletal muscle flaccidity 35. What causes osteoporosis? o Poor nutrition in infancy o Regularly weight bearing exercise o Bone loss, frequently during aging o Cerebral palsy and associated disorders 36.(52) What is the best way to prevent transmission of infection agents? o Take antibiotics daily 2 o Call the practitioner for herbal supplements o Wash hands o Avoid public areas as much as possible 37. Helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) often causes which of the following? o Colon cancer o Hiatal hernia o Peptic ulcer disease o Esophageal varices 38. (a)Which of the following would the nurse see in a client with thrombocytopenia? o A decreased platelet cell count o Decreased white blood cell count o Increased red blood cell count o An increased platelet cell count 2 (b) Thrombocytopenia is which disorder below? o Increased blood coagulation o Increased platelet production o Increased number of infections o Decreased platelet production 39.Disturbance in which of the following would cause a client to experience a gout? o Serotonin receptors o Uric acid metabolism o Liver function o Cardiac function of the following can occur with clients who have hyponatremia? o The loss of more water than salt o A gain of more salt than water o Manifested by thirst 2 o Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain 41. Which of the following describes passive immunity? o Vaccination against the disease o Transfer of antibodies from mother to baby o Cuts or wounds which are infected and heal o Having the disease in question 42.Which of the following properties are found in clients with metastatic cancer? o Tumorsthat are well encapsulated o Tumors with slow,stable growth o Cells that are genetically stable o Cells invading local tissue and overrunning neighboring cells 43. What tool is used to determine a client’s level of consciousness? o Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) o Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 2 o Central perfusion pressure (CPP) o Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring 44.A client presents to the emergency department with lower right quadrant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays .. tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client to be experiencing? o Pseudomembranous colitis o Peptic ulcer diseases o Appendicitis o Esophageal cancer 45.What physiological reaction happens to the body with the “Fight or flight” response? o Increased heart rate o Constricted pupils o Decreased blood pressure o Decreased heart rate 2 46.When a client has their “fight or flight” system activated, which below is a manifestation of that? o Decreased blood pressure o Decreased heart rate o Decreased respiration rate o Increased glucose levels 47. Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism? o Tachycardia o Constipation o Weight gain o fatigue 48. What is the pathophysiology of type I diabetes o Overproduction of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas o Destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin 2 o Loss of insulin receptors on the target cells, resulting in insulin resistance o A pituitary tumor in the brain, resulting in increased antidiuretic hormone production 49.What are the major mechanisms of the spinal cord injuries? o Hypoextension, expansion, hyperflexion o Hyperflexion, expansion, hypometabolism o Hypermetabolism, compression, hyperextension o Hyperextension, hyperflexion, compression 50.(a) Virchow’s triad includes which of the following factors (select all that apply.) o Increased blood coagulability o Damage to the arterial wall o Venous blood hypermobility o Damage to the venous wall o Venous blood statis 2 (b) What are the components of Virchow’s triad, which can lead the client to form blood clots? o Venousstasis, hypercoagulability o Vessel wall injury, hypocoagulability o Vessel wall injury, venous motility o Venous motility, hypercoagulability 51.Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include which of the following????? o Persistent chest pain which may radiate to the arm o Brief sternal chest pain on inspiration o Rapid respirations with left sided weakness and numbness o Left upper quadrant abdominal pain which radiates to the back and shoulder is the phase of acute kidney injury that results in a decrease in urine output? 2 o Oliguric phase o Diuresis phase o Prodromal/asymptomatic phase o Recovery phase 53.Which of the following clinical findings would be present in clients experiencing shock? (Select all that apply) o Hypertension o Increased mental clarity o Altered level of consciousness o Hypotension o Tachycardia 54 Which of the following conditionsresults from excessive immune response? o Rheumatoid arthritis o Chronic renal failure o Type II diabetes 2 o Onychomycosis 55 A client is bleeding. Platelets within the bloodstream begin aggregating to prevent further blood loss. This is one of the first steps of which of the following processes? o Hemokinetics o Homeokinetics o Hemostasis o Homeostasis 56 Which of the following is used to classify seizures? o Clinicalsymptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Clinical symptoms and completer blood count (CBC) o Clinicalsymptoms and electroencephalogram (EEF) 57 Hemophilia patients have severe pain in their: o joints o head 2 o abdomen o chest 58 The client with human papillomavirus is at risk for which? o Lung cancer o Pancreatic cancer o Stomach cancer o Cervical cancer 59 How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris? o Unstable angina pectoris can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers o Unstable angina pectoris manifestsin electrocardiogram (ECG) changes only o Unstable angina pectoris is not relived by periods of rest o Unstable angina pectoris is not as serious as stable angina 60 What is the goal for treating sepsis? o To identify the cause and treat 2 o Offer antibiotics if the client asks o Restore cognitive functioning o Restore kidney functioning 61 If a patient complains of dizziness, which term below best describes this felling? o Contraindication o Sign o Objective data o Symptom 62 Which of the following hormones do the kidney secrete to increase red blood cell production? o Erythropoietin o Insulin and glycogen o Testosterone o Thyroid stimulating hormone 2 63 Which of the following causes hepatic encephalopathy? o A brain infection o Increased ammonia levels in the bloodstream o Decreased albumin blood levels o Untreated chronic bronchitis 64 What clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in client who is experiencing anaphylaxis? o Dilated bronchioles constriction of peripheral blood vessels, decreased capillary permeability o Asthma, deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy o Narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels, increased capillary permeability o Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection 65 Which of the following is often the cause of a pulmonary embolism? o An autoimmune disorder 2 o A venous blood clot from lower extremity o An increase in intracranial pressure o Hypotension 66 What symptoms would the nurse expect to see in a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? o Dyspnea on exertion o Normal lung sounds o Normal arterial blood gases o Onset of the disease during young adulthood 67 Which of the following describes the type of incontinence due to an increase in intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, and laughing? o Overflow o Stress o Mixed o Functional 2 68 When arterial blood pressure declines, the kidneys secrete a hormone to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. What is this hormone called? o Renin o Antidiuretic hormone o Atrial natriuretic o Insulin 69 Which of the following describes inflammation of the bladder lining? o Incontinence o Pyelonephritis o Urinary calculi o Cystic 70. Which of the following describes the etiology of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? o A blow to the head from a hard object o Lack of blood flow to part of the brain o Excessive exercise,such asrunning o A raptured artery in the heart 2 71.Determine the following arterial blood gasresults: PH = 7.30; PaCO2=55 mmHg; HCO3=24 mEq/L o Respiratory acidosis o Metabolic acidosis o Respiratory alkalosis o Metabolic alkalosis 72.Which of the following is a complication of compartment syndrome? o Hemorrhage o Pain and tissue damage o Increased limp function o Chronic kidney disease 73.Which of the following would the nurse expect to see in a client experiencing hypoventilation? o Increased oxygenation in the alveoli o Increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream 2 o Decreased hemoglobin in the bloodstream o Decreased carbon dioxide in the alveoli 74. increased calcium levels in the blood could be due to an imbalance of which of the following hormones? o Parathyroid hormone o Antidiuretic hormone o Calcitonin o Melatonin 75.Which of the following leads to the appearance of a barrel chest in clients with emphysema? o Peripheral edema o Bacterial infections in the lungs o Air trapping in the alveoli o Muscle atrophy of the diaphragm 76.Which of the following describesthe pathophysiology of exercise-induced asthma? 2 o Bronchospasm after exercise o IgE-mediated inflammatory response to antigen o Bronchoconstriction afteringesting high-allergen foods o Increased mucus production due to a genetic mutation 77.How doesinfluenza immunization produce immunity? o The virus from the vaccine remains in the body until the end of the season o An attenuated virus caused immune system suppression & causes the body to be immune o The body identifies the virus and develops antibodies against the virus o The vaccine stays in the injection site and produce immune cells 78. The condition of leukemia involves which of the following? o A benign growth of skin cells o A malignant growth of skin cells o A malignant growth of white blood cells o A benign growth of white blood cells 2 79.Peritonitis is a condition which can result in serious complications. Identify one of the o complications o increased peristalsis o dizziness and malaise o sepsis and shock o nausea and vomiting 80. What part of the heart is responsible for starting the electrical impulse to conduct a heart rhythm and contraction of the atria and ventricle? o The Purkinje fibers in the ventricles o The right & left bundle branches o The atrioventricular node o The sinoatrial node in the atrium 81.Which symptoms are typical of asthma? o Chest pain; cough o Diarrhea; wheezing 2 o Wheezing; dyspnea o Tachypnea; constipation o 82.Polycythemia Vera is due to excess red blood cells and results in what condition o Tissue ischemia & necrosis o Chronic pancreatitis o Low blood pressure & hear rate o Increased numbers of infections 83.What lab results would be noted in a client with leukocytosis? o Increased white blood cells count o Increased platelet cell count o Decreased white blood cell count o Decreased platelet cell count 84. What is common factor related to all forms of heart failure? 2 o Peripheral edema o Pulmonary edema o Reduced cardiac output o Jugular vein distention 85. What is an example of a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? o Anaphylaxis o Indigestion o Beta cell destruction o ABO transfusion reaction 86.A client sustained a concussion and experiences headache, vomiting, blurred vision and loss of consciousness. If the client has these symptoms, what does this indicate? o Increased intracranial pressure o Lower extremity compartmentsyndrome o Consuming too much food at once 2 o Improved kidney function 87.What are the characteristics of the inflammatory process? o Loss of function, coolness o Pain, redness o Heat, pallor o Swelling, pallor 88. Atherosclerotic plaques form initially due to which causes? o Interruption of blood flow to the brain o Injury to the coronary artery endothelium o Administration ofstatin medications o Poor dietary modifications made 89.Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow. What cells are formed during this process? o Pancreatic beta cells o Red blood cells o Gastric parietal cells 2 o Neurons and glial cells 90.The best method to identity which type of stroke the client has is to do which below? o Obtain a 12-lead electrocardiogram STAT o Obtain a blood specimen for electrolytes and blood cultures o Ask the client about current allergies o Obtain a cranial computerized tomogram (CT) STAT 91.Seizures are diagnosed by which of the following? o Electroencephalogram (EEG) and ECG o Seizure symptoms and complete blood count (CBC) o Seizure symptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Seizure symptoms and EEG 2 92.What function does aldosterone serve in the body? o Aldosterone causes a release of sodium from the body, decreases fluid volume, and decreases blood pressure o Aldosterone causes a retention ofsodium in the body, increase fluid volume, and increases blood pressure o Aldosterone causes a release of sodium from the body, increase fluid volume, and decreased blood pressure. o Aldosterone enhancesintracellular sodium production and lower blood pressure 93.Cushing syndrome is characterized by which disorder? o Hypocortisolism o Exophthalamos o Hypercotisolism o Hyperpigmentation o 94.The image below is representative of emphysema. What featuresresult in impaired oxygenation? 2 o The bronchioles are inflamed and filled with mucus o The alveoli have lost surfactant and collapse o Enlarged, permanently inflated alveoli o The accumulation of purulent fluid in the bronchioles o 95. Identify which conditions are due to excessive immune response. o Allergies and onychomycosis o Type II diabetes and smallpox o Chronic renal failure and macular degeneration o Allergies and rheumatoid arthritis Patho Final exam 54.What is a characteristic of coronary artery disease (CAD) o The build-up of infectious by-products in the lymph nodes o Insufficient delivery of oxygenated bold to the myocardium o Insufficient delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs o The build-up of bile in the stomach and gall bladder 55.(a) Which of the following are normal arterial blood gas values? 2 o PH 7.25, PaCO2 52mm Hg, PA02 75 mm Hg, HCO3 18 mEq/L o PH 7.50, PaCo2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 80 mm Hg, HCO3 28 mEq/L o PH 7.40, PaCO2 40 mm Hg, Pa02 90 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L o PH 7.15, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, Pa02 50 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mEq/L (b) Identify the normal arterial blood gas values o PH 7.26; PaCO2 55 mmHg; HCO3 18 MEq/L ; Pa02 75 mmHg o PH 7.37; PaCO2 42 mmHg; HCO3 24 mEq/L; PaO2 90 mmHg o pH 7.32; PaCO2 48 mmHg; HCO3 18 mEq/L; PaO2 82 mm Hg o pH 7.50; PaCO2 32 mmHg; HCO3 28 mEq/L; PaO2 80 mm Hg 56.. What happens to a client with polycythemia? o Deficient plasma in the blood o Increased lymphatic fluid being produced o Increased red blood cells being produced o Deficient number of red blood cells 2 57.. What condition can be caused by excessive amount of growth hormone (GH)released by the pituitary gland in childhood before epiphyseal plates of the long bones have. o Acromegaly o Gigantism o Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone o Dwarfism 58.Which of the following describes the damage to the brain that results in cerebral palsy? o Reversible with cognitive therapy with the infant client o Transient and resolvesin adulthood from physical therapy o Manifested as an adult after normal childhood activities o Irreversible and occurs before, during or after birth or infancy 59. What is reperfusion injury? o Healing bone tissue after fracture o Skin wound tunneling and shear 2 o Secondary injury after reestablishing blood flow o Injury after blood transfusion 60.. Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? o Magnesium o Sodium o Chloride o Bicarbonate o Deficient number of red blood cells 61. Which of the following stores electrolytes and acts as an electrolyte pool? o Brain - Kidneys o Bone - Nails 2 62.Which of the following imbalances is found in clients with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? o Decreased insulin production o Decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production o increased secretion of antidiuretic home (ADH) o Increased production of insulin 63.. What causes secondary brain injury after head trauma? o Brain injury resulting from the body’s response to tissue damage o Brain injury resulting from initial trauma o Injury as a result of medical therapy o Focal areas of bleeding 64.Which of the following steps happens first during hemostasis? o Vascularspasm o Platelet plug o Coagulation o Dissolving of the clot 2 65.What is the treatment for clients with hemophilia A? o Chemotherapy o Factor VIII replacement o Heparin administration o Bone marrow transplant 66.. Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? o The bladder and urethra o The brain and skin o The heart and kidneys o The stomach and intestines 67.(a) What is the distinguishing feature of Hodgkin disease noted on histologic exam? Need to know o Reed-Sternberg cells o Red-stained cells o Human Papillomavirus 2 o B-cells and T-cells (b) A client has Reed-Sternberg cells noted on a lab histologic study. What condition presents in this manner? o Chronic myeloid leukemia o Infectious mononucleosis o Non-Hodgkin’slymphoma o Hodgkin’slymphoma 68.Which of the following described what is occurring in the body of clients experiencing hypovolemia? o Increased urine retention o Insufficient circulating blood volume o Bounding peripheral pulses o Crackles auscultated in the lungs 2 69.What is the common denominator of all forms of heart failure? o pulmonary edema o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Reduced cardiac output 70. . What is the most sensitive indicator of altered brain function? o The ability to perform complex mathematics o Altered level of consciousness o The lack of cerebrospinal fluid production o Intact cranial nerve functions 71.Which of the following is NOT an example of clinical manifestations of leukemia and lymphoma? o Fatigue o Increased risk bleeding o Increased risk of infections o Increased energy and strength 2 72. Right sided heart failure is characterized by: o Immunosuppression o Pulmonary edema o Peripheral edema o Coughing 73.A tension pneumothorax requires a needle thoracotomy and/or chest tube placement astreatment to which component of the pathophysiology of the condition? o An accumulation of blood in the pleural space, which makes it difficult for the lungs to exchange gases. o Extreme pain caused by a fractured rib o A large accumulation of trapped air in the pleural space affecting both the lungs and heart, o Sudden failure of the respiratory system due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli 2 74. what typically causes contact dermatitis o Fungal infection o Long term disorder from gout o Contact with a skin allergen o Staphylococcal infection 75.Which of the following are clinical manifestation of leftsided heart failure? (Select all that apply) o Shortness of breath o Crackles auscultated in the lungs o Jugular venous distention o Peripheral edema o Cough with frothy sputum 76. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension (HTN)? o High sugar, low-fat diet o Increased physical activity o Tobacco use 2 o Low fat diet causes atherosclerotic plaques to form in the body o Poor dietary modification o Administration ofstatin medication o Interruption of blood flow to the brain o Injury to the endothelium of the coronary arteries 78.Which of the following is a characteristic of disseminated intravascular coagulation? (DIC)? o Simultaneousstroke and heart attack o Simultaneous clotting and bleeding o Simultaneous clotting and insulin release o Simultaneous bleeding and vomiting 79.. What of the following best describes sepsis? o An overwhelming allergic reaction o Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen ‘s endotoxins 2 o Unknown causes resulting in hypertension o Poor nursing and health care provider interventions 80.A patient has acute respiratory failure (ARF). Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? o Alkalosis and hyperventilation o Hypoxemia and hypercapnia o Alkalosis and high potassium o Elevated sodium and acidosis 81.. What is the process of moving air into the lungs with subsequent distribution to the alveoli called? o Ventilation o Aeration o Enclosure vapor o Residual volume 2 82.Which of the following can lead to impaired neurological function in clients with increased intracranial pressure? (Select all that apply) o Decreased perfusion of the brain tissue o The ability of the tissue to autoregulate the pressure o Inflammation of the brain o Compression of the brain o Increased tissue oxygenation 83.Which of the following hormones helps to raise the blood sugar level to help maintain homeostasis? o Antidiuretic hormones(ADH) o Insulin o Glucagon o Thyroxine 84.A client diagnosed with heart failure displays bilateral pitting edema of the lower extremities. Which of the following terms is used to describe this finding? o Contraindication 2 o Sign o Symptom o Subjective data 85.Which of the following is a cause of edema? o Decreased plasma proteins o Hypotension o Dehydration o Polyuria 86. Which clients are at highest for pneumonia? o Those in their 20s and 0s and generally health o Those who exercise regular and not exposed to pathogens o Those who are hospitalized and immunocompromised o Those who have adequate respiratory function 2 87.Which of the following is found in clients with Parkinson’s diseases? o Mobility and functioning o The liver and kidneys o Too much dopamine in the brain o Skeletal muscle flaccidity 88. What causes osteoporosis? o Poor nutrition in infancy o Regularly weight bearing exercise o Bone loss, frequently during aging o Cerebral palsy and associated disorders 89.(52) What is the best way to prevent transmission of infection agents? o Take antibiotics daily o Call the practitioner for herbal supplements o Wash hands o Avoid public areas as much as possible 2 90. Helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) often causes which of the following? o Colon cancer o Hiatal hernia o Peptic ulcer disease o Esophageal varices 91. (a)Which of the following would the nurse see in a client with thrombocytopenia? o A decreased platelet cell count o Decreased white blood cell count o Increased red blood cell count o An increased platelet cell count (b) Thrombocytopenia is which disorder below? o Increased blood coagulation o Increased platelet production o Increased number of infections 2 o Decreased platelet production 92.Disturbance in which of the following would cause a client to experience a gout? o Serotonin receptors o Uric acid metabolism o Liver function o Cardiac function of the following can occur with clients who have hyponatremia? o The loss of more water than salt o A gain of more salt than water o Manifested by thirst o Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain 94. Which of the following describes passive immunity? o Vaccination against the disease o Transfer of antibodies from mother to baby 2 o Cuts or wounds which are infected and heal o Having the disease in question 95.Which of the following properties are found in clients with metastatic cancer? o Tumorsthat are well encapsulated o Tumors with slow,stable growth o Cells that are genetically stable o Cells invading local tissue and overrunning neighboring cells 96. What tool is used to determine a client’s level of consciousness? o Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) o Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) o Central perfusion pressure (CPP) o Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring 97.A client presents to the emergency department with lower right quadrant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating 2 the abdomen, the client displays .. tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client to be experiencing? o Pseudomembranous colitis o Peptic ulcer diseases o Appendicitis o Esophageal cancer 98.What physiological reaction happens to the body with the “Fight or flight” response? o Increased heart rate o Constricted pupils o Decreased blood pressure o Decreased heart rate 99.When a client has their “fight or flight” system activated, which below is a manifestation of that? o Decreased blood pressure o Decreased heart rate o Decreased respiration rate 2 o Increased glucose levels 100. Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism? o Tachycardia o Constipation o Weight gain o fatigue 101. What is the pathophysiology of type I diabetes o Overproduction of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas o Destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin o Loss of insulin receptors on the target cells, resulting in insulin resistance o A pituitary tumor in the brain, resulting in increased antidiuretic hormone production 2 102. What are the major mechanisms of the spinal cord injuries? o Hypoextension, expansion, hyperflexion o Hyperflexion, expansion, hypometabolism o Hypermetabolism, compression, hyperextension o Hyperextension, hyperflexion, compression 103. (a) Virchow’s triad includes which of the following factors (select all that apply.) o Increased blood coagulability o Damage to the arterial wall o Venous blood hypermobility o Damage to the venous wall o Venous blood statis (b) What are the components of Virchow’s triad, which can lead the client to form blood clots? 2 o Venousstasis, hypercoagulability o Vessel wall injury, hypocoagulability o Vessel wall injury, venous motility o Venous motility, hypercoagulability 104. Signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction include which of the following????? o Persistent chest pain which may radiate to the arm o Brief sternal chest pain on inspiration o Rapid respirations with left sided weakness and numbness o Left upper quadrant abdominal pain which radiates to the back and shoulder 105. what is the phase of acute kidney injury that results in a decrease in urine output? o Oliguric phase o Diuresis phase o Prodromal/asymptomatic phase 2 o Recovery phase 106. Which of the following clinical findings would be present in clients experiencing shock? (Select all that apply) o Hypertension o Increased mental clarity o Altered level of consciousness o Hypotension o Tachycardia 70 Which of the following conditionsresults from excessive immune response? o Rheumatoid arthritis o Chronic renal failure o Type II diabetes o Onychomycosis 2 71 A client is bleeding. Platelets within the bloodstream begin aggregating to prevent further blood loss. This is one of the first steps of which of the following processes? o Hemokinetics o Homeokinetics o Hemostasis o Homeostasis 72 Which of the following is used to classify seizures? o Clinicalsymptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Clinical symptoms and completer blood count (CBC) o Clinicalsymptoms and electroencephalogram (EEF) 73 Hemophilia patients have severe pain in their: o joints o head o abdomen 2 o chest 74 The client with human papillomavirus is at risk for which? o Lung cancer o Pancreatic cancer o Stomach cancer o Cervical cancer 75 How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris? o Unstable angina pectoris can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers o Unstable angina pectoris manifestsin electrocardiogram (ECG) changes only o Unstable angina pectoris is not relived by periods of rest o Unstable angina pectoris is not as serious as stable angina 76 What is the goal for treating sepsis? o To identify the cause and treat o Offer antibiotics if the client asks 2 o Restore cognitive functioning o Restore kidney functioning 77 If a patient complains of dizziness, which term below best describes this felling? o Contraindication o Sign o Objective data o Symptom 78 Which of the following hormones do the kidney secrete to increase red blood cell production? o Erythropoietin o Insulin and glycogen o Testosterone o Thyroid stimulating hormone 2 79 Which of the following causes hepatic encephalopathy? o A brain infection o Increased ammonia levels in the bloodstream o Decreased albumin blood levels o Untreated chronic bronchitis 80 What clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in client who is experiencing anaphylaxis? o Dilated bronchioles constriction of peripheral blood vessels, decreased capillary permeability o Asthma, deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy o Narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels, increased capillary permeability o Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection 81 Which of the following is often the cause of a pulmonary embolism? o An autoimmune disorder o A venous blood clot from lower extremity 2 o An increase in intracranial pressure o Hypotension 82 What symptoms would the nurse expect to see in a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? o Dyspnea on exertion o Normal lung sounds o Normal arterial blood gases o Onset of the disease during young adulthood 83 Which of the following describes the type of incontinence due to an increase in intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, and laughing? o Overflow o Stress o Mixed o Functional 2 84 When arterial blood pressure declines, the kidneys secrete a hormone to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. What is this hormone called? o Renin o Antidiuretic hormone o Atrial natriuretic o Insulin 85 Which of the following describes inflammation of the bladder lining? o Incontinence o Pyelonephritis o Urinary calculi o Cystic 70. Which of the following describes the etiology of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? o A blow to the head from a hard object o Lack of blood flow to part of the brain o Excessive exercise,such asrunning o A raptured artery in the heart 2 96.Determine the following arterial blood gasresults: PH = 7.30; PaCO2=55 mmHg; HCO3=24 mEq/L o Respiratory acidosis o Metabolic acidosis o Respiratory alkalosis o Metabolic alkalosis 97.Which of the following is a complication of compartment syndrome? o Hemorrhage o Pain and tissue damage o Increased limp function o Chronic kidney disease 98.Which of the following would the nurse expect to see in a client experiencing hypoventilation? o Increased oxygenation in the alveoli o Increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream 2 o Decreased hemoglobin in the bloodstream o Decreased carbon dioxide in the alveoli ased calcium levels in the blood could be due to an imbalance of which of the following hormones? o Parathyroid hormone o Antidiuretic hormone o Calcitonin o Melatonin 100. Which of the following leads to the appearance of a barrel chest in clients with emphysema? o Peripheral edema o Bacterial infections in the lungs o Air trapping in the alveoli o Muscle atrophy of the diaphragm 101. Which of the following describesthe pathophysiology of exerciseinduced asthma? 2 o Bronchospasm after exercise o IgE-mediated inflammatory response to antigen o Bronchoconstriction afteringesting high-allergen foods o Increased mucus production due to a genetic mutation 102. How doesinfluenza immunization produce immunity? o The virus from the vaccine remains in the body until the end of the season o An attenuated virus caused immune system suppression & causes the body to be immune o The body identifies the virus and develops antibodies against the virus o The vaccine stays in the injection site and produce immune cells 103. The condition of leukemia involves which of the following? o A benign growth of skin cells o A malignant growth of skin cells o A malignant growth of white blood cells o A benign growth of white blood cells 2 104. Peritonitis is a condition which can result in serious complications. Identify one of the o complications o increased peristalsis o dizziness and malaise o sepsis and shock o nausea and vomiting 105. What part of the heart is responsible for starting the electrical impulse to conduct a heart rhythm and contraction of the atria and ventricle? o The Purkinje fibers in the ventricles o The right & left bundle branches o The atrioventricular node o The sinoatrial node in the atrium 106. Which symptoms are typical of asthma? o Chest pain; cough 2 o Diarrhea; wheezing o Wheezing; dyspnea o Tachypnea; constipation o 107. Polycythemia Vera is due to excessred blood cells and results in what condition o Tissue ischemia & necrosis o Chronic pancreatitis o Low blood pressure & hear rate o Increased numbers of infections 108. What lab results would be noted in a client with leukocytosis? o Increased white blood cells count o Increased platelet cell count o Decreased white blood cell count o Decreased platelet cell count 2 109. What is common factor related to all forms of heart failure? o Peripheral edema o Pulmonary edema o Reduced cardiac output o Jugular vein distention 110. What is an example of a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? o Anaphylaxis o Indigestion o Beta cell destruction o ABO transfusion reaction 111. A client sustained a concussion and experiences headache, vomiting, blurred vision and loss of consciousness. If the client has these symptoms, what does this indicate? o Increased intracranial pressure o Lower extremity compartmentsyndrome 2 o Consuming too much food at once o Improved kidney function 112. What are the characteristics of the inflammatory process? o Loss of function, coolness o Pain, redness o Heat, pallor o Swelling, pallor 113. Atherosclerotic plaques form initially due to which causes? o Interruption of blood flow to the brain o Injury to the coronary artery endothelium o Administration ofstatin medications o Poor dietary modifications made 114. Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow. What cells are formed during this process? o Pancreatic beta cells o Red blood cells 2 o Gastric parietal cells o Neurons and glial cells 115. The best method to identity which type ofstroke the client has is to do which below? o Obtain a 12-lead electrocardiogram STAT o Obtain a blood specimen for electrolytes and blood cultures o Ask the client about current allergies o Obtain a cranial computerized tomogram (CT) STAT 116. Seizures are diagnosed by which of the following? o Electroencephalogram (EEG) and ECG o Seizure symptoms and complete blood count (CBC) o Seizure symptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG) o Seizure symptoms and EEG 2 117. What function does aldosterone serve in the body? o Aldosterone causes a release of sodium from the body, decreases fluid volume, and decreases blood pressure o Aldosterone causes a retention ofsodium in the body, increase fluid volume, and increases blood pressure o Aldosterone causes a release of sodium from the body, increase fluid volume, and decreased blood pressure. o Aldosterone enhancesintracellular sodium production and lower blood pressure 118. Cushing syndrome is characterized by which disorder? o Hypocortisolism o Exophthalamos o Hypercotisolism o Hyperpigmentation o 119. The image below isrepresentative of emphysema. What features result in impaired oxygenation? 2 o The bronchioles are inflamed and filled with mucus o The alveoli have lost surfactant and collapse o Enlarged, permanently inflated alveoli o The accumulation of purulent fluid in the bronchioles o 120. Identify which conditions are due to excessive immune response. o Allergies and onychomycosis o Type II diabetes and smallpox o Chronic renal failure and macular degeneration o Allergies and rheumatoid arthritis