The document includes the summary of the follow topics:
What is a cell?
Parts of cell
Molecular biology ( summary )
Plant cells
Cellular respiration
Structure of cells
Test Bank For Microbiology: An Introduction, 13th Edition Gerard J. Tortor- 2024 Update
TEST BANK OF MICROBIOLOGY An Introduction 13th Edition by Tortora
Mby 161 Theme 13-15 Summary
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DNA REPLICATION, CELLS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION ( PRACTICE QUESTIONS )
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
If oxygen is not present, pyruvate molecules undergo what?
Answer: If oxygen is not present, pyruvate molecules undergo a process called fermentation. During fermentation, pyruvate is converted into other compounds, such as lactate or ethanol, and generates a small amount of ATP (energy) as a byproduct. This process is known as anaerobic respiration.
2.
What is the name of the high-energy molecule used by cells?
Answer: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
3.
During glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of what?
Answer: During glycolysis, glucose ultimately breaks down into pyruvate and energy; a total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).
4.
What are primers?
Answer: A primer is a short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase enzymes are only capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of an existing nucleic acid, requiring a primer be bound to the template before DNA polymerase can begin a complementary strand.
5.
PCR is a technique used for what?
Answer: PCR is a very sensitive technique that allows rapid amplification of a specific segment of DNA.
Content preview
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA Replication
Protein synthesis
The structure and function of cell membranes
The different types of cells
The process of cellular respiration
, The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The central dogma of molecular biology is a fundamental principle that describes the flow of
genetic information in living organisms. It states that DNA is used as a template to make RNA,
which is then used to make proteins. The flow of information is unidirectional, meaning that once
information is transferred from DNA to RNA or from RNA to protein, it cannot be reversed.
The central dogma is the foundation of modern molecular biology, providing a framework for
understanding how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next and how it is
used to control the structure and function of cells. The discovery of the double helix structure of
DNA in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was a crucial step in the development of the
central dogma, as it provided a molecular explanation for how genetic information is stored and
transmitted.
The process of DNA to RNA to proteins is known as the transcription and translation. In
transcription, the genetic information stored in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA
molecule. This RNA molecule can then be translated into a protein, which is a complex
molecule that performs specific functions within the cell. The genetic code, which is the
sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA, determines the sequence of amino acids in the
protein.
The central dogma of molecular biology is a powerful tool for understanding how living
organisms work, and it has led to many important discoveries in the field of genetics. From
understanding the genetic basis of diseases to developing new treatments and therapies, the
central dogma has played a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of life at the molecular
level.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which cells copy their genetic material before cell division. The
process is semi-conservative, meaning that each new DNA molecule contains one original
strand and one new strand. The process of DNA replication is essential for the growth and
repair of cells, and it is also the basis for heredity.
DNA replication begins at specific sites on the DNA molecule called origins of replication. At
these sites, enzymes called helicases unwind the double helix structure of DNA, and an enzyme
called primase adds short RNA primers to the template strands. A polymerase enzyme then
adds nucleotides to the template strands, and the new strands form a double helix structure.
The process of DNA replication is highly accurate, with a error rate of less than 1 in 10^9
nucleotides. This is thanks to a variety of proofreading mechanisms that check for errors as the
new strands are being synthesized.
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