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BIOL 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (Rev. C12)

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BIOL 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (Rev. C12) With regards to effort and load, describe the main difference between a lever operating with a mechanical advantage versus a lever operating at a mechanical disadvantage Name and describe the locations and actions of the muscles typically used in ...

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  • January 20, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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Assignment 2



Name

Athabasca University

BIOL 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (Rev. C12)

Dr. Sean Irwin

December 9, 2021




This study source was downloaded by 100000806758261 from CourseHero.com on 04-12-2022 10:51:58 GMT -05:00


https://www.coursehero.com/file/129457128/Assignment-2docx/

, Answer the following short-answer questions.



1. With regards to effort and load, describe the main difference between a lever operating

with a mechanical advantage versus a lever operating at a mechanical disadvantage.

A lever system moves around a fixed point, the fulcrum (F), by the actions of two

opposing forces at two different points, effort (E) which is the force that causes movement, and

load (L) which is the resistance to the movement. For any movement to occur, the effort must be

greater than the load. A lever either operates with a mechanical advantage or a mechanical

disadvantage. The main difference between these two modes of operation is the relative distances

of the load and the effort to the fulcrum.

A lever operates with a mechanical advantage when the load is nearer to the fulcrum and

the effort is farther away from the fulcrum. In this type of lever, a relatively small effort can

move a large load over a short distance. An example of a lever operating with a mechanical

advantage is formed when a person tiptoes. Contraction of the calf muscles is the effort, the

weight of the body is the load, and the ball of the foot is the fulcrum. In a second-class lever

where the load is between the fulcrum and the effort, the load is always nearer to the fulcrum

than the effort, thus second-class levers always operate with a mechanical advantage. This type

of lever is not very common in the body.

On the other hand, if the effort is nearer to the fulcrum and the load is farther from the

fulcrum, the lever operates with a mechanical disadvantage. This means that a relatively large

effort will be needed to move a small load, but the movement will be faster. An example of a

lever operating with a mechanical disadvantage is when the arm is flexed at the elbow. The

elbow joint is the fulcrum, the contraction of the biceps brachii muscle is the effort, and the




This study source was downloaded by 100000806758261 from CourseHero.com on 04-12-2022 10:51:58 GMT -05:00


https://www.coursehero.com/file/129457128/Assignment-2docx/

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