Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
1. List and explain the steps of the scientific method.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research,
or personal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific
research question that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the
hypothesis. Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
Step 4: Draw conclusions. Using the evidence gathered in the research,
conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted. Step 5: Report the
results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations with other
scientists.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
List steps of States the five States three of the States fewer than
scientific method steps in order steps in order three steps or does
in order not state the steps in
order
Explain each step Describes the five Describes three Describes fewer
steps steps than three
steps or does not
describe steps
accurately
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 3
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC001 - Observing, Documenting, and Assessing to Support Young
Children and Families
NCLEX001 - Safe and Effective Care Environment
TOPICS: The Scientific Method
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remembering
NOTES: Sequence: 1001
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
2. Define nature and nurture and give an example of each. Also, describe the nature–nurture debate.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to
environmental influences on a person. Environmental influences begin with the
health and diet of the embryo's mother and continue lifelong, including family,
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
school, community, and society. An example of nature would be having a gene
that predisposes one to addiction. An example of nurture would be having that
gene but avoiding addictions as a result of not being exposed to abuse or
parental addictions. The debate concerns how much of any person's
characteristics, behaviors, or emotions is the result of genes and how much is
the result of the person's experiences.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Define nature and Accurately defines
Accurately defines Does not
nurture both terms and
one term and gives accurately define
gives an example
at least one both terms or
of each
accurate example supply accurate
examples
Describe the debate Accurately Accurately Does not
describes both describes one side accurately
sides of the debate of the debate describe the debate
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 5
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX002 - Psychosocial Integrity
TOPICS: The Nature–Nurture Controversy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understanding
NOTES: Sequence: 1002
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
3. Describe the perspective that most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurture debate. Provide an
example of a research topic that illustrates this perspective.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Modern researchers have learned that neither nature alone nor nurture alone
can provide a complete way to understand development. Both nature and
nurture matter, as both genes and environment affect nearly every
characteristic. The study of language acquisition illustrates the perspective that
nature and nurture interact. Babies start speaking because of maturation of the
brain, mouth, and vocal cords (nature). This allows them to express
connections between objects and words (nurture), which could not occur unless
people talked to them (nurture).
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
State researchers' States modern Is vague about Incorrectly states
viewpoint researchers' stance modern modern researchers'
that both matter researchers' stance stance
Provide an Gives an example Gives a vague Gives an incorrect
example example example or doesn't
give an example
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 5
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX002 - Psychosocial Integrity
TOPICS: The Nature–Nurture Controversy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understanding
NOTES: Sequence: 1003
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
4. Compare and contrast the critical and sensitive periods and provide an example of each.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal
development, and a sensitive period is a time when a specific developmental
task occurs most easily. An example of a critical period would be the fetus
growing arms and legs and hands and feet—this can occur only at a specific
time in utero. Language development is an example of a sensitive period. It
occurs most easily at a young age but can occur at a later age as well.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Define and Defines both Defines just one Fails to define both
differentiate periods; periodoris vague periods or fails to
differentiates about differentiate
between them differentiation
Give examples Gives a correct Gives a correct Does not give any
example for each example of either examples
period period
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
Page(s) 7
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX003 - Health Promotion and Maintenance
TOPICS: Development Is Multidirectional
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyzing
NOTES: Sequence: 1004
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
5. Explain Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Bronfenbrenner believed that each person is affected by his or her social
context. Over the course of his career, he identified five systems. The first is
the microsystem (e.g., one's family and peer group), the second is the
exosystem (school, clubs, and church), and the third is the macrosystem (larger
social setting, such as cultural values and economic policies). The fourth
system, called the chronosystem, is the role of historical context, and the fifth
system, the mesosystem, is the interaction that occurs between all of the other
systems.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Explain Clearly states what Gives a vague Is unable to describe
ecological- the theory is explanation of the the theory
systems theory theory
Identify the Identifies the five Identifies three of Identifies fewer than
systems systems and gives the systems or gives three of the
an example of examples for three systems or gives
microsystem, of the systems fewer than three
exosystem, and examples
macrosystem
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 8-9
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC003 - Building Family and Community Relationships
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Chapter 01: Essay
1. List and explain the steps of the scientific method.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Step 1: Begin with curiosity. Pose a question based on a theory, prior research,
or personal observation. Step 2: Develop a hypothesis, which is a specific
research question that can be tested through research. Step 3: Test the
hypothesis. Design and conduct research to gather empirical evidence (data).
Step 4: Draw conclusions. Using the evidence gathered in the research,
conclude whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted. Step 5: Report the
results by sharing the data, conclusions, and alternative explanations with other
scientists.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
List steps of States the five States three of the States fewer than
scientific method steps in order steps in order three steps or does
in order not state the steps in
order
Explain each step Describes the five Describes three Describes fewer
steps steps than three
steps or does not
describe steps
accurately
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 3
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC001 - Observing, Documenting, and Assessing to Support Young
Children and Families
NCLEX001 - Safe and Effective Care Environment
TOPICS: The Scientific Method
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remembering
NOTES: Sequence: 1001
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
2. Define nature and nurture and give an example of each. Also, describe the nature–nurture debate.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Nature refers to the influence of genes on a person, and nurture refers to
environmental influences on a person. Environmental influences begin with the
health and diet of the embryo's mother and continue lifelong, including family,
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
school, community, and society. An example of nature would be having a gene
that predisposes one to addiction. An example of nurture would be having that
gene but avoiding addictions as a result of not being exposed to abuse or
parental addictions. The debate concerns how much of any person's
characteristics, behaviors, or emotions is the result of genes and how much is
the result of the person's experiences.
Good (5 pts)
Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Define nature and Accurately defines
Accurately defines Does not
nurture both terms and
one term and gives accurately define
gives an example
at least one both terms or
of each
accurate example supply accurate
examples
Describe the debate Accurately Accurately Does not
describes both describes one side accurately
sides of the debate of the debate describe the debate
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 5
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX002 - Psychosocial Integrity
TOPICS: The Nature–Nurture Controversy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understanding
NOTES: Sequence: 1002
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
3. Describe the perspective that most modern developmentalists take on the nature–nurture debate. Provide an
example of a research topic that illustrates this perspective.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Modern researchers have learned that neither nature alone nor nurture alone
can provide a complete way to understand development. Both nature and
nurture matter, as both genes and environment affect nearly every
characteristic. The study of language acquisition illustrates the perspective that
nature and nurture interact. Babies start speaking because of maturation of the
brain, mouth, and vocal cords (nature). This allows them to express
connections between objects and words (nurture), which could not occur unless
people talked to them (nurture).
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
State researchers' States modern Is vague about Incorrectly states
viewpoint researchers' stance modern modern researchers'
that both matter researchers' stance stance
Provide an Gives an example Gives a vague Gives an incorrect
example example example or doesn't
give an example
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 5
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX002 - Psychosocial Integrity
TOPICS: The Nature–Nurture Controversy
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understanding
NOTES: Sequence: 1003
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
4. Compare and contrast the critical and sensitive periods and provide an example of each.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal
development, and a sensitive period is a time when a specific developmental
task occurs most easily. An example of a critical period would be the fetus
growing arms and legs and hands and feet—this can occur only at a specific
time in utero. Language development is an example of a sensitive period. It
occurs most easily at a young age but can occur at a later age as well.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Define and Defines both Defines just one Fails to define both
differentiate periods; periodoris vague periods or fails to
differentiates about differentiate
between them differentiation
Give examples Gives a correct Gives a correct Does not give any
example for each example of either examples
period period
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01: Essay
Page(s) 7
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC002 - Promoting Child Development and Learning
NCLEX003 - Health Promotion and Maintenance
TOPICS: Development Is Multidirectional
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyzing
NOTES: Sequence: 1004
DATE CREATED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 1/25/2021 12:29 PM
5. Explain Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems theory and describe his five systems.
ANSWER: Suggested Answer:
Bronfenbrenner believed that each person is affected by his or her social
context. Over the course of his career, he identified five systems. The first is
the microsystem (e.g., one's family and peer group), the second is the
exosystem (school, clubs, and church), and the third is the macrosystem (larger
social setting, such as cultural values and economic policies). The fourth
system, called the chronosystem, is the role of historical context, and the fifth
system, the mesosystem, is the interaction that occurs between all of the other
systems.
Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts)
Explain Clearly states what Gives a vague Is unable to describe
ecological- the theory is explanation of the the theory
systems theory theory
Identify the Identifies the five Identifies three of Identifies fewer than
systems systems and gives the systems or gives three of the
an example of examples for three systems or gives
microsystem, of the systems fewer than three
exosystem, and examples
macrosystem
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: Chapter 1
Page(s) 8-9
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
HAS VARIABLES: False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE: Complete
ACCREDITING STANDARDS: APA4.1 - Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes
NAEYC003 - Building Family and Community Relationships
Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
