Linguistics Assignment #2 - Carleton University LING 1001
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LING 1001
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LING 1001
30. Totonac
Examine the classes of voiced versus voiceless vowels in Totonac, a Totonacan language spoken
in Mexico. Are voiced and voiceless vowels in Totonac in contrast, in free variation, or in
complementary variation? If the sounds are in complementary distribution, pick a sound as the
bas...
linguistics assignment 2 carleton university ling 1001
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30. Totonac
Examine the classes of voiced versus voiceless vowels in Totonac, a Totonacan language spoken
in Mexico. Are voiced and voiceless vowels in Totonac in contrast, in free variation, or in
complementary variation? If the sounds are in complementary distribution, pick a sound as the
basic sound, and give the phonetic contexts for its allophones.
a. [tsapsḁ] “He stacks” g. [snapapḁ] “white”
b. [tsilinksḁ] “It resounded” h. [stapu̥ ] “beans”
c. [kasitti̥ ] “Cut it” i. [ʃumpi̥ ] “porcupine”
d. [kuku̥ ] “Uncle” j. [taːqhu̥ ] “you plunged"
e. [ɫkakḁ] “Peppery” k. [tihaʃɫi̥ ] “he rested”
f. [miki̥ ] “Snow” l. [tukʃɫi̥ ] “it broke”
The voiced vowels [a], [i] and, [u] ,and the voiceless vowels [ḁ], [i̥ ], and [u̥ ], are apart of
complementary distribution. They are complementary distribution because the sounds do not
occur in the same environment.
/i, u, a/ → [i̥ , u̥ , ḁ] / C_
→ [i, u, a] anywhere else
The basic sounds are [a], [i]. and [u], as it can occur anywhere within a word.
The voiceless vowels [ḁ], [u̥ ], and [i̥ ] have the phonetic context of only occurring after voiceless
consonants.
32. Examine the following data from Spanish and answer the questions that follow.
l. [reɣalar] “to present”
a. [beβer] “to drink”
m. [gɾaβar] “to engrave”
b. [laβar] “to wash”
n. [reɣla] “rule”
c. [buskar] “to seek”
o. [teŋgo] “I have”
d. [suβtitulo] “subtitle”
p. [iɣlesia] “church”
e. [ambɾe] “hunger”
q. [aɣɾio] “sour”
f. [aβɾasar] “to hug”
r. [tiɣɾe] “tiger”
g. [aβlar] “to talk”
s. [saŋgɾe] “blood”
h. [blusa] “blouse”
t. [gama] “range”
i. [oβliɣaðo] “obligated”
u. [goβeɾnar] “to govern”
j. [ambos] “both”
k. [gloɾia] “glory”
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