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FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
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1.2. FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF
3. LIFE
4.
5.
6. Cell: The smallest unit of life, capable of performing all life processes.
7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells without a nucleus, found in bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells are complex cells with a nucleus, found in plants and animals.
3. Cell membrane: A thin, semi-permeable layer that surrounds the cell and controls the exchange of
substances in and out of the cell.
4. Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell, contains all the cell's organelles.
5. Nucleus: A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material (DNA) and
controls the cell's activities.
6. Cell division: The process by which cells divide into two or more daughter cells. Two types:
Mitosis: division of the nucleus, resulting in identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: division of the germ cells, leading to the formation of haploid gametes.
7. Tissues, organs, and organ systems:
Tissues: a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Organs: a collection of tissues that perform a specific function.
Organ systems: a group of organs working together to perform a specific function.
8. Transport across cell membrane: Movement of substances across the cell membrane, can be either:
Passive transport: movement of substances down a concentration gradient without the use of energy.
Active transport: movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requires energy.
9. Characteristics of life:
Organization: A hierarchical structure of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a cell to maintain life.
Responsiveness: The ability to respond to stimuli.
Growth: An increase in size and complexity.
Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring.
Adaptation: The ability to change in response to the environment.
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