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NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY GUIDE
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NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDYGUIDE
1. Pulmonary system
Underlying pathology and functions, oxygen, Carbon
dioxide Transportation
-promotes exchange of gases between the environment and the blood
-NOT responsible for the function of expelling bacteria, moving blood in and
out of the capillaries, or cooling of the heart
-CO2 is carried in the blood as bicarbonate and not attached to O2. Dissolved in
RBC or combined with albumin
Signs and Symptoms :Define: Kussmaul respirations, cyanosis
Kussmaul respirations – deep, rapid and labored breathing
● Associated with acidosis
Cyanosis – blue color to the skin
2. Asthma: Causes, S&S, Airway obstruction hypoventilation.
● An interaction between genetic and environmental factors
● Not a recessive trait or an autoimmune response
● Not due to excessive antibiotic use in childhood
● Not associated with alveolar fibrosis with pulmonary edema
● Not associated with the collapse of bronchiolar rings
· Causes:
o Vasodilation
o Increased capillary permeability
o Mucosal edema
o Bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm)
o Mucous secretion from goblet cells with narrowing of the
airways and obstruction to airflow
· S&S:
o Wheezing but not chest pain (due to the narrowing of the airways)
o Increased HR
3. asthma attack: S&S montelukast [Singulair].
-Leukotriene4 receptor antagonist
-approved for the preventive and chronic treatment of asthma in adults and
children 12 months & older. Also for treatment of allergic rhinitis. These
antagonists attempt to treat
NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
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,NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
GUIDE
the actual causes of the disease rather than just alleviating symptoms
-Montelukast is given with inhaled glucocorticoids to help prevent
inflammation. Some patients have reported mood changes when taking the
drug so parents should be warned. The med is given once daily – 5mg for a
7 year old. This drug does NOT treat symptoms of an acute attack.
a. Medications used in the treatment of Asthma
glucocorticoid and an albuterol
§ Major Categories:
§ Specific medications:
§ Asthma medication, e.g Albuterol ..
4. COPD :Etiology, pathology, signs and symptoms, and
treatment for the following: glucocorticoid and an inhaled beta2-
adrenergic agonist regimen
a. Viral upper respiratory infection S&S :
Diphenhydramine [Benadryl]
5. Emphysema : Physical exam, S& S :Dyspnea, productive cough,
anterior- posterior chest causes
Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
● Cough is a protective reflex
○ Acute: 2-3 weeks
○ Chronic cough longer than 3 weeks
■ Abnormal sputum
● Change in amount consistency color or oder
● Pink frothy sputum: fluid overload in the lungs
6. Pneumonia Underlying pathology,
causes Signs and Symptoms
Respiratory acidosis Or Respiratory alkalosis
7. Tuberculosis Transmission
● Airborne disease
● Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
○ M. tuberculosis is carried in airborne particles (droplet nuclei)
○ Droplet nuclei are generated by people who have pulmonary or
laryngeal TB as they cough, sneeze, shout, or sing
NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
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,NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
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● Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M.
NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
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, NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
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tuberculosis, and the droplet nuclei traverses the mouth or nasal
passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the
alveoli of the lungs
8. Pulmonary embolism
(PE): Underlying
pathology
● Occurs when a thrombus originating in the venous system or the
right side of the heart obstructs blood flow in the pulmonary
artery or one of its branches
● Three primary influences predispose a patient to blood clot formation:
○ Endothelial injury
○ Stasis or turbulence of blood flow
○ Blood hypercoagulability
● Respiratory consequences
○ Increased alveolar dead space (volume of gas within
unperfused alveoli; thus not participating in gas
exchange)
○ Hypoxemia (arterial hypoxemia is a frequent, but not
universal, finding in patients with acute embolism)
■ Ventilation perfusion mismatch
■ Intrapulmonary shunts
■ Reduced cardiac output
■ Intracardiac shunt via a patent foramen ovale
○ Hyperventilation
○ Regional loss of surfactant
○ Pulmonary infarction (uncommon consequence
because of the bronchial arterial collateral circulation)
● Hemodynamic consequences
○ Reduction in cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed
○ Increment in pulmonary vascular resistance
○ Increase in right ventricular afterload (right ventricular
failure may occur)
Signs and Symptoms
● Shortness of breath
● Breathing difficulty
● Chest pain
● Coughing
● Coughing up blood
● Arrhythmia
● Deep vein thrombosis symptoms
○ swelling of the leg or along a vein in the leg
○ pain or tenderness in the leg
○ A feeling of increased warmth in the area of the leg that’s
swollen or tender
NURS 2371 QUIZ 1 BLUEPRINT MODULE 1 RS STUDY
GUIDE
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