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GEOG 216 (Geography of the World Economy) Complete Class Notes
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RECEIVED AN A IN THIS COURSE Complete and detailed class notes, including prep for test 1, test 2, and finals.
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Reading 1Reading 2
Reading 3
Reading 4
Reading 6
Reading 7
Lecture 1: Geographies of Global Change
Lecture 2: The Structure and Organization of Economies
Lecture 3: Growth & Development- Concepts and Measures
Lecture 4: Mapping the World Economy
Lecture 5: Recent Patterns and Trends- A Global Perspective
Lecture 6: Canada in the World Economy
Lecture 7: Why Countries Trade
Lecture 8: Early Commercial Expansion
Lecture 9: The Colonial World Economy
Lecture 10: Development Theories and Pathways
Test 1 Review
Lecture 11: Global Population Dynamics
Lecture 12: Population and Migration
Lecture 13: Natural Resources and Primary Commodities
Lecture 14: Population and Resources I: Food and Agriculture
Lecture 15: Population and Resources II: Oil and Minerals
Lecture 16: The Geography of the Industrial Revolution
Lectures 17-18: The Organization of Industry in the 20th Century- From Fordism to
Post-Fordism
Lectures 20-22: Post-Fordism, The Division of Labor and New Industrial Spaces
Test 2 Review
Lecture 23: The Resource Curse and Dutch Disease
Lecture 24: Global Food Systems
,Lecture 25: The Global Land Rush
Lecture 26: Tropical Deforestation
Lecture 27: Rainforest Livelihoods in the Amazon
Lecture 28: Global Trade Institutions and Agreements
Lecture 29: Local-Global Geographies of the Financial Crisis & the Great Recession
Lecture 30: Thinking About The Environment-Economy Interface
Lecture 31: The World of the City
Lecture 32: Globalization and Inequality
Lecture 33: Deglobalization? The Contours of the Global Economy After COVID-19
Final Review
, Reading 1
Geographic Perspectives
- Everything that occurs on earth’s surface = inherently geographic → take place in space
+ their location influences their origins, nature, trajectories over time
- Social events = spacial; happens somewhere
- Geography = study of space, how the earth’s surface is used, how societies produce
places, how human activities are stretch among different locations
- Examines why things are located where they are
- Looks at distribution of human + natural phenomena
- Where something occurs shapes how it occurs
- Link spatial outcomes to social + environmental processes that cause them
- Geographic landscapes = social creations
- GNP = common measure of natl income activity
- Per capita GNP can be used as a measure for quality of life
- Uneven economic growth rates among world regions
- Higher in East Asia vs Latin America
- Purpose of development = improve quality of life
- Occurrence of development dependent on extent to which social and economic
changes + reshaping of geographic space help or hinder meeting basic needs
Environmental constraints
- Environmental challenges include:
- Overconsumption and wasteful consumer culture
- Poor people in developing countries destroying resource bases for basic survival
- Pose challenges to future economic growth
- Energy problem in developing world → oil = unaffordable luxury to many; fuelwood used
as substitute
- Topsoil destruction due to overcultivation, improper irrigation, deforestation
- Limited resources
Disparities in wealth and wellbeing
- Economic differences between countries paralleled by social and demographic
differences as well
- Deeply entrenched and institutionalized poverty → inadequate food, shelter, access to
resources, etc
- Poverty linked with informal economies
- Developed countries have significantly gained vs developing countries
- Low per capita income → low savings level → low demand for consumer goods; low
investment in human and physical capital → low productivity
- Coupled with rapid pop growth, contributing to low per capita income by
increasing demand without increasing supply
, What in the world is going on?
The end of the world as we knew it?
- Last 3 decades of C20: intensified globalization of global economy; qualitatively distinct
from previous globalization
- More extensive geographical scale of production, distribution, consumption
- Now seen as the “natural order” → increasing geographical spread + functional
integration between economic activities
- Sept 2008: global economic crisis through the fall of Lehman Brothers
- Economic growth rates continued to decrease after, yet rich continued to gain
- Other neo-liberal, free market institutions collapsed
- Two-speed world economy linked with developing countries growing rapidly
- Globalization has 2 definitions
- Empirical = structural changes in the global economy
- Ideological = neoliberal, free-market
Conflicting perspectives on globalization
- Globalization dates back to Marx → analysis of development of global capitalism
- Hyper-globalists argue that we live in a borderless world in which the “national” is no
longer relevant; globalization = new economic order
- Consumer tastes, cultures are homogenous → satisfied through provision of
standardized global products produced by global companies
- Nation-states no longer meaningful economic units or significant actors
- Essentially everything is becoming the same; part of a natural order
- Pro-globalists (neoliberals on the right): globalization is an asserted, ideological
project that will bring the greatest benefit for the greatest number; solution to
world’s economic problems and inequalities
- Anti-globalists (left of hyper-globalists): globalization = problem not solution,
particularly the market forces operating free markets → these create inequalities;
markets should be regulated in the wider interest, even the return of the “local”
- Sceptical internationalists argue that world economy was more open and integrated in
the half century before WW1
- Trade and investment levels in this period not reached until late C20
- Based on quantitative data
Grounding globalization: geography really does matter
- New geographies of production, distribution and consumption being created
- Changes in the nature + degree of world interconnectedness (and speed at which
connectivity occurs) → stretching + intensification of economic relationships
- Pre 1914: shallow international economic integration vs todays’ deep integration
- Shallow = trade in goods and services between independent firms, intl
movements of portfolio capital
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