100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Summary Brain & Cognition 1 $8.19   Add to cart

Summary

Summary Brain & Cognition 1

 42 views  2 purchases
  • Course
  • Institution
  • Book

Full Summary Brain & Cognition 1 Psychology Course Radboud University Nijmegen

Preview 3 out of 20  pages

  • No
  • Only the chapters that were discussed in the course
  • February 8, 2023
  • 20
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Brain & Cognition

Lecture 1:
 Fluorescent algae, proteins
 Golgi: staining mechanism to visualize neurons, black absorb (responsive neurons)
o So many canals (axons), thoughts they were all connected not true!
 Cajal: observed different types of cells
o Cerebellum: large dendrites
o Discrete units, separated from each other, own cell membrane
 A function can’t be assigned to a single neuron!
o Neural networks do exist
 Neurons are plastic (brain changes!)
 Axon hillock: axon part closest to cell body, very sensitive
 Sensory neurons: info to CNS
o Bipolar neuron (retina): light sensitive
o Somatosensory neuron: skin, muscle
 Interneurons: associate sensory and motor activity in CNS (most!)
o Stellate cell (thalamus)
o Pyramid cell (cortex) (grey matter)
o Purkinje cell (cerebellum)
 Motor neurons: send signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles
o Large dendrites
 Excitation and Inhibition
 Glial cells:
o Ependymal cell: produce CSF (fluid)
o Astrocyte and Microglial cell: neuronal nutrition, support, defensive
 Blood-brain barrier
 Astrocytes: structural support blood vessels
 Microglial: protective against intrusion
 A red nucleus
 B toxin
 C a lot of microglial, scar tissue inside brain
o Oligodendroglial cell and Schwann cell: form myelin, repair
 Schwann cells divide
 Axon sprouts: in all directions
 We don’t have this for in the CNS: spinal cord

,Lecture 2
 Endoplasmic reticulum: polypeptide formed
 Golgi: packages proteins
 Tubule: support, transport
 Cell membrane:
o Phospholipid bilayer: extracellular and intracellular fluid
 Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails (lipids, fatty acid)
 Nucleus:
o Nucleotides: T and A, G and C
o Protein synthesis:
 1. DNA unwinds to expose a gene:
 2. One strand (mRNA) reads info and goes to ER
 3. Ribosomes in ER translates into specific amino acid chain -> protein
 DNA (GCCAAACCG) -> mRNA (CGGUUUGGC) -> translation (Arg – Phe)
 Amino acid:
o Amino group (NH3)
o Carboxyl group (COO-)
o R-group
 Primary -> secondary (pleated sheets or helices) -> tertiary -> quaternary
 Proteins enter Golgi bodies -> wrapped in membrane -> microtubule
o 1. Can be incorporated into membrane
o 2. Remain within cell to act as enzyme
o 3. Excreted from cell by exocytosis.
 Cell membrane:
o Channel
o Gates
o Pumps
 Recessive and dominant gene (allele, e.g., eye color)
 Epigenetics: expression of genes
o No alteration of DNA (phenotypic)
o Experience and environment -> expression yes or no
o Describe cell differentiation, phenotypic variation and how cell functions can
go astray producing diseases
o Environmental control:
 1. Histone modification: methyl group bind to tails of histones, blocking
them
 2. Gene (DNA) methylation: methyl group bind to CG base to block
transcription
 3. mRNA modification: ncRNA binds to mRNA, preventing translation
Chapter 4:
 Glial cells (glue)
 Membrane potentials
o Channels and pumps are specialized proteins
 Diffusion: more neg on inside than outside
 Generates membrane potential (-70mV)
 A (extracellular fluid) and B (neuron)
 Concentration equal
 With channels: high to low: move along the concentration
gradient
o Concentration equal
o Potassium (+) and neg ions (-) and potassium channels
o Kinetic force (diffusion) and opposites attract! (- and +)
o Voltage gradient: attracts and repel

, o Equilibrium
o Concentration gradient = voltage gradient
o K/Na pump: creating concentration gradient (3Na out of
cell for every 2K that goes inside)
 K and anion (neg. stay inside cell, for resting
potential) higher inside cell
 K leak channels: K goes outside of cell
 Cl and Na higher outside cell
 Cl: channels freely, also for
concentration gradient
o Recording electrodes inside cell body (-70mV)

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller milajanssen06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.19. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

73918 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$8.19  2x  sold
  • (0)
  Add to cart