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February 8, 2023
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Test Bank For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 6th Edition By Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, G. Campbell Teskey
Test Bank For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 6th Edition By Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, G. Campbell Teskey
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Brain & Cognition
Lecture 1:
Fluorescent algae, proteins
Golgi: staining mechanism to visualize neurons, black absorb (responsive neurons)
o So many canals (axons), thoughts they were all connected not true!
Cajal: observed different types of cells
o Cerebellum: large dendrites
o Discrete units, separated from each other, own cell membrane
A function can’t be assigned to a single neuron!
o Neural networks do exist
Neurons are plastic (brain changes!)
Axon hillock: axon part closest to cell body, very sensitive
Sensory neurons: info to CNS
o Bipolar neuron (retina): light sensitive
o Somatosensory neuron: skin, muscle
Interneurons: associate sensory and motor activity in CNS (most!)
o Stellate cell (thalamus)
o Pyramid cell (cortex) (grey matter)
o Purkinje cell (cerebellum)
Motor neurons: send signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles
o Large dendrites
Excitation and Inhibition
Glial cells:
o Ependymal cell: produce CSF (fluid)
o Astrocyte and Microglial cell: neuronal nutrition, support, defensive
Blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes: structural support blood vessels
Microglial: protective against intrusion
A red nucleus
B toxin
C a lot of microglial, scar tissue inside brain
o Oligodendroglial cell and Schwann cell: form myelin, repair
Schwann cells divide
Axon sprouts: in all directions
We don’t have this for in the CNS: spinal cord
,Lecture 2
Endoplasmic reticulum: polypeptide formed
Golgi: packages proteins
Tubule: support, transport
Cell membrane:
o Phospholipid bilayer: extracellular and intracellular fluid
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails (lipids, fatty acid)
Nucleus:
o Nucleotides: T and A, G and C
o Protein synthesis:
1. DNA unwinds to expose a gene:
2. One strand (mRNA) reads info and goes to ER
3. Ribosomes in ER translates into specific amino acid chain -> protein
DNA (GCCAAACCG) -> mRNA (CGGUUUGGC) -> translation (Arg – Phe)
Amino acid:
o Amino group (NH3)
o Carboxyl group (COO-)
o R-group
Primary -> secondary (pleated sheets or helices) -> tertiary -> quaternary
Proteins enter Golgi bodies -> wrapped in membrane -> microtubule
o 1. Can be incorporated into membrane
o 2. Remain within cell to act as enzyme
o 3. Excreted from cell by exocytosis.
Cell membrane:
o Channel
o Gates
o Pumps
Recessive and dominant gene (allele, e.g., eye color)
Epigenetics: expression of genes
o No alteration of DNA (phenotypic)
o Experience and environment -> expression yes or no
o Describe cell differentiation, phenotypic variation and how cell functions can
go astray producing diseases
o Environmental control:
1. Histone modification: methyl group bind to tails of histones, blocking
them
2. Gene (DNA) methylation: methyl group bind to CG base to block
transcription
3. mRNA modification: ncRNA binds to mRNA, preventing translation
Chapter 4:
Glial cells (glue)
Membrane potentials
o Channels and pumps are specialized proteins
Diffusion: more neg on inside than outside
Generates membrane potential (-70mV)
A (extracellular fluid) and B (neuron)
Concentration equal
With channels: high to low: move along the concentration
gradient
o Concentration equal
o Potassium (+) and neg ions (-) and potassium channels
o Kinetic force (diffusion) and opposites attract! (- and +)
o Voltage gradient: attracts and repel
, o Equilibrium
o Concentration gradient = voltage gradient
o K/Na pump: creating concentration gradient (3Na out of
cell for every 2K that goes inside)
K and anion (neg. stay inside cell, for resting
potential) higher inside cell
K leak channels: K goes outside of cell
Cl and Na higher outside cell
Cl: channels freely, also for
concentration gradient
o Recording electrodes inside cell body (-70mV)
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