BIOD 121 - Essentials in Nutrition Module 2 question and answers A+ solutions

BIOD 121 - Essentials in Nutrition Module 2 question and answers A+ solutions Digestion: is the process of transforming food into basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract; once absorbed, the nutrients can be used to fuel our cells for growth, fight infection, and provide energy to our muscles and brain to perform daily activities The GI tract is a long hollow tube that begins: with the mouth and ends at the anus The innermost layer of the GI tract is known as the _______ or _______. This is made up of absorptive cells and glands. intestinal wall; mucosa Ulcers/Peptic ulcer: a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine The other layers of the GI tract are compromised of ________. There job is to: circular and longitudinal muscles; is to mix the food and move it along the GI tract What are the organs apart of the digestive process, but not apart of the GI tract: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas There are six specific parts of the GI tract: the mouth, esophagus, stomach. small intestine, large intestine, and the rectum What role do organs play in the digestion system: to produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion In the digestive system,the breakdown of food into smaller units involves: chemical and mechanical processes There are 3 processes that the body can use to absorb nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph system and eventually into the cells. What are they: passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Passive diffusion: in which substances move easily in and out of the cells without the use of energy Facilitated diffusion: is a process in which special protein carriers are needed to help substances cross into or out of the cell/ No energy is required in this Active Transport: is when energy is needed to get the substance into or out of the cell Before food enters the mouth, the digestive process actually begins with a variety of stimulus. Name 5: 1. cognition - thoughts about food start the slow of saliva 2. sound - hearing a description of a meal 3. odor - the smell of the food stimulates your hunger response and aids in taste 4. appearance - seeing it 5. taste - how it feels when the food enters the mouth Where is the mouth on the GI tract and what is its function: it is the beginning of the GI tract; its function of the mouth is to alter the food particles to prepare them to be swallowed The tongue gives us the ability to taste. What are the five flavors that an be identified: sweet, salty, sour bitter, and umami The end by product of digestion in the mouth is known as a: bolus What is the esophagus and is its role: it is the tube that connects the throat with the stomach; its role is to transport food to the stomach During the swallowing process foods land on a flap of tissue called the __________. What is its role: epiglottis; it folds down over the trachea/windpipe during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea Without the epiglottis: food could accidentally enter the trachea and the result would be chocking What is the esophageal sphincter and where is it located: it is a circular muscle that closes once food moves through the stomach to prevent back flow of stomach contents unto the esophagus; it is located at the end of the esophagus The stomach has a _______ cup capacity and can hold food for _______ or longer, until it is ready to pass into the small intestine. 4; 2-3 hours What is the role of the stomach: to store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food Pepsin: is an enzyme that breaks down proteins Gastric Lipase: an enzyme that begins fat digestion What is the purpose of digestion: in which the nutrients we consume in our food would never get to the cells in our body The mixing of the food particles with the acids and enzymes produces a substance called: chyme What is chyme: a very watery mixture that slowly empties from the stomach into the small intestine What is the pyloric sphincter and where is it located: it controls the release of chyme into the small intestine; it is located in the stomach What is gastrin and how is it produced: it is a hormone that stimulates the release of acids and enzymes. It is produced when we begin to think about eating foods as well as during the actual ingestion of food Gastrin plays a major role in: controlling the concentration of acid in the stomach The small intestine is approximately 10 feet long and connects the stomach to the large intestine. Most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs in it. How many sections are there and mane them: there are three sections. They are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Duodenum photo: A Duodenum: the first portion of the small intestine is 10-12 inches long and wider than the remainder of the small intestine Jejunum photo: B Ileum photo: C Ileum: is the final section of small intestine; it connects the large intestine with the small; this section is 5 feet long The small intestine is lined up with mucosa and folded over many times. Within the folds are finger-like projections called villi. What is the purpose of villi: to help trap food and are necessary for the processes of digestion and absorption What does the liver secrete and where does it store it: it secretes bile which is stored in the gallbladder What does the gallbladder store and for how long: it stores bile until it receives hormonal signal that fat has enter the small intestine Undigested food cannot be absorbed and must pass through: the ileocecal sphincter into the colon The large intestine is composed of 4 sections: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid Large intestine photo: Unlike the small intestine, no digestion and little absorption occur in the large intestine. In it there are many mucus producing cells which function: to hold the feces together and protect the intestine from bacteria Bacteria in the large intestine is important to our health because: it breakdown the remaining food products that entered from the small intestine and to break down some fibers As food waste pass through the large intestine, much water has been removed and the remnants are a semi solid mass of undigested fiber known as _______. _______ remains in: feces; the feces; the end portion of the large intestine called the rectum What are the six major parts of the GI tract: the mouth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and stomach Digestive system photo: What organs assist in digestion but are not considered to be apart of the GI tract: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Pancreas photo: Salivary glands photo: An organ that is important in the digestion of fats that occur is in the small intestine is the: gallbladder Gallbladder photo: This organ stores bile to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine: gallbladder In what portion of the GI tract is bile used for the ingestion of fats: the small intestine Which organ makes bile to be used for fat digestion in the small intestine: liver Liver photo: Bile is secreted in the small intention for the digestion of: fats Gland which secretes enzymes for all types of digestion: pancreas Organ that stores bile: gallbladder Largest gland in the body and the producer of bile: liver Building blocks of protein: amino acid Fluid which breaks down fats in the small intestine: bile Finger-like projections that increase surface area of the small intestine: villi First portion of the small intestine: duodenum