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This is a summary of the lessons of Human Rights Law, including cases and exercises.
I reviewed the lessons and made my own summary based on the powerpoints and the judgments.
The summary is in English (sorry if there is ...
Human Rights Law
Inhoud
Part 0) introduction................................................................................................................................6
Part 1) The concept of Human Right.......................................................................................................7
1.1) Terminology.................................................................................................................................7
1.2) The legal sources of human rights...............................................................................................9
1.3) The Historical perspective on Human rights..............................................................................13
1.4) The absence of a hierarchy between the human rights (No Hierarchy)....................................16
Part 2) Universal protection (United Nations)......................................................................................17
2.1) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 1948) (p. 9-12).................................................17
2.2) Human rights treaties................................................................................................................18
2.3) Universal mechanisms...............................................................................................................19
2.3.1) Treaty based mechanisms: committees.............................................................................20
2.3.2) Charter-based: political mechanisms..................................................................................21
2.3.3) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights...........................................................23
2.4) Illustration.................................................................................................................................24
2.4.1 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human
rights.............................................................................................................................................24
2.4.2. CERD: the added value of the concluding observations......................................................25
Part 3) Regional protection: Europe.....................................................................................................27
3.1) Two Europe’s.............................................................................................................................27
3.1.1) The council of Europe.........................................................................................................28
3.1.2) European Union..................................................................................................................29
3.1.3) Relationship CoE and EU.....................................................................................................31
3.2) The council of Europe................................................................................................................36
3.2.1) European Court of Human Rights.......................................................................................36
3.2.2) The European committee social rights (ECSR)....................................................................55
3.3) European Union.........................................................................................................................59
3.3.1) political enforcement.........................................................................................................60
3.3.2) Judicial enforcement..........................................................................................................64
Part 4) Jurisdiction and extra-territoriality...........................................................................................70
4.1) Sources......................................................................................................................................70
4.2) Article 1 ECHR: jurisdiction........................................................................................................70
4.2.1) Principle: jurisdiction is in essence territorial.....................................................................71
4.2.2) jurisdiction as long as there is de facto or de jure control over a territory.........................73
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4.2.3) Extra-territorial jurisdiction................................................................................................74
4.2.4) example and application: migrants.....................................................................................76
4.3) Attribution instead of territoriality............................................................................................77
4.4) International obligations...........................................................................................................79
Case and questions...........................................................................................................................81
Part 5) National protection: Belgium....................................................................................................84
5.1) Relationship between the legal orders : effect of the human rights treaties in Belgium...........84
5.1.1) The direct effect of HR treaties...........................................................................................85
5.1.2) Provisions with no direct effect..........................................................................................86
5.1.3) Constitution versus ECHR/EU.............................................................................................87
5.1.4) Implementation of EU law versus ECHR.............................................................................90
5.2) Human rights protection in Belgium..........................................................................................90
5.2.1) Preventive legal protection.................................................................................................90
5.2.2) A posteriori judicial review.................................................................................................91
5.2.3) Execution of ECtHR judgments in Belgium..........................................................................94
5.2.4) An effective remedy (article 13 ECHR)................................................................................95
Part 6) Typology of Human Rights........................................................................................................97
6.1) Interpretating open norms........................................................................................................98
6.1.1) The Vienna convention on the law of treaties....................................................................98
6.1.2) Interpretation methods used by Human Rights Courts......................................................98
6.1.3) The “margin of appreciation” theory................................................................................100
6.2) Typology of the states obligations...........................................................................................103
6.2.1) The negative obligations of the state (obligation to respect)...........................................107
6.2.2) The positive obligations of the state.................................................................................115
6.3) Derogable rights in time of emergency...................................................................................117
6.3.1) The ratio legis...................................................................................................................117
6.3.2) the requirements of 15 ECHR...........................................................................................118
6.3.3) The practical significance of 15 ECHR in case law.............................................................120
6.3.4) Various Legal Frameworks for Various Rights...................................................................121
Case and questions (p. 184)............................................................................................................122
Part 7) the right to life........................................................................................................................125
7.1) An absolute right.....................................................................................................................125
7.2) The scope of the right to life....................................................................................................126
7.3) Obligations..............................................................................................................................130
7.3.1) Negative obligation...........................................................................................................130
7.3.2) Positive obligations...........................................................................................................134
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7.4) Examples and evolution of the right to life (positive obligations)............................................137
7.4.1) Protection against risk emanating from authorities.........................................................137
7.4.2) Protection against risks emanating from other individuals..............................................138
7.4.3) Protection against yourself...............................................................................................139
7.4.5) the procedural obligation.................................................................................................140
7.4.5bis) examples of the procedural obligation........................................................................141
Case and questions (p. 235) EXAM QUESTION!!.............................................................................145
8.1) Absolute right.........................................................................................................................148
8.2) Legal framework......................................................................................................................149
8.2.1) Applicability......................................................................................................................149
8.2.2) Classification.....................................................................................................................150
8.2.3) Obligations........................................................................................................................152
8.2.4) Burden of proof................................................................................................................153
8.3) examples of the prohibition of torture....................................................................................154
8.3.1) Police violence..................................................................................................................154
8.3.2) Corporal punishment of children......................................................................................156
8.3.3) Detention..........................................................................................................................158
8.3.4) Domestic violence against woman...................................................................................160
8.3.5) The extradition of foreigners............................................................................................161
Case and questions (p. 283)............................................................................................................164
Part 9) the right to liberty...................................................................................................................165
9.1) Relative right...........................................................................................................................166
9.2) Applicability.............................................................................................................................167
9.3) Exhaustive list of permissible grounds (art. 5, §1)...................................................................170
9.4) Procedural obligations (art. 5, §2 – art. 5, §5).........................................................................173
Case and questions (p. 306)............................................................................................................175
Part 10) Right to a fair trail.................................................................................................................178
10.1) The right to a fair trial: applicability.......................................................................................179
10.1.1) The determination of civil rights.....................................................................................179
10.1.2) The determination of a criminal charge..........................................................................181
10.2) A: Example of ‘civil’ rights: civil servants?.............................................................................182
10.3) Example ‘criminal’ charge......................................................................................................185
10.4) The right to a fair trial: guarantees........................................................................................186
10.4.1) article 6 is a “specific” relative right...............................................................................186
10.4.2) The different guarantees................................................................................................187
Case and questions: art. 6 ECHR (p. 386)........................................................................................204
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Part 11) The right to respect for private life.......................................................................................208
11.1) The scope..............................................................................................................................208
11.2) Negative obligations..............................................................................................................209
11.2.1) legal framework..............................................................................................................209
11.2.2) Negative obligation: prohibition of abortion..................................................................211
11.2.3) Negative obligations: Data processing............................................................................212
11.2.4) Negative obligation: the prohibition of medically assisted procreation.........................214
11.3) Positive obligations................................................................................................................216
11.3.1) The obligation to protect the environment?..................................................................216
11.3.2) The access to personal data/information.......................................................................217
11.3.2bis) The GDPR...................................................................................................................219
11.3.3) The obligation to protect the personal integrity.............................................................221
Part 11) The right to respect for family life.........................................................................................221
11.1) the scope of the respect for family life..................................................................................221
11.2) Negative obligations..............................................................................................................222
11.3) Positive obligations................................................................................................................224
Case and questions (p. 439)............................................................................................................225
1) case about S and Marper........................................................................................................225
Part 12) The freedom of assembly and association............................................................................228
12.1) the scope of article 11 ECHR..................................................................................................228
12.1.1) General...........................................................................................................................228
12.1.2) “association”: only private organizations.......................................................................229
12.1.3) Specific professional categories......................................................................................229
12.2) The freedom of assembly and association.............................................................................230
12.3) Union freedom......................................................................................................................232
12.3.1) Negative obligations.......................................................................................................233
12.3.2) Positive obligations.........................................................................................................233
12.4) Right to strike?......................................................................................................................235
12.4.1 Negative obligation: ECSR 13 September 2011................................................................235
12.4.2 Positive obligation...........................................................................................................237
Part 13) Economic, social and cultural rights......................................................................................237
13.1) The legal resources................................................................................................................237
13.1.1) The concept....................................................................................................................237
13.1.2) Treaties...........................................................................................................................241
13.1.3) Relative rights -limitations..............................................................................................241
13.1.4) protecting the most vulnerable: Austerity measures.....................................................242
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