WGU C787 Study Guide 2021/2022. All Question section coverage, graded A+.

WGU C787 Study Guide 2021/2022. All Question section coverage, graded A+. Marconutrients - -Carbs, lipids & proteins. Provides energy needed for growth, thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy/lactation. Needed in larger amounts than micronutrients. Micronutrients - -Vitamins/minerals in small amts for good health/development. Play various roles in cell metabolism. Deficiencies cause widespread health problems. Obesity - -Excess consumption. Increased risk for CAD, some cancers & type 2 diabetes. Puts stress on knee/ankle joints. Is an energy imbalance, where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Influenced by genetic/environmental factors. Marasmus - -General deficiency of macronutrients. Also called protein-calorie malnutrition. Kwashiorkor - -Primarily attributed to deficiency of dietary protein. s/sx include fatigue, irritability, lethargy, poor growth, apathy, edema, decreased muscle mass, large belly, diarrhea, dermatitis, change in hair, infections. Can lead to coma/death. Anorexianervosa - -Restricted intake. Body weight @ or < 85% of normal. Intense fear of wt gain, distorted perception of body wt. 3rd most common condition of adolescents. Common co- morbid conditions: OCD, depression, anxiety, social phobia. Can lead to decreased micronutrient intake, which leads to death. Bulimia nervosa - -Binge eating f/b purging (vomiting or misuse of laxatives/diuretics). Can lead to obesity. Pellagra - -Deficiency of Niacin (Vit B3). Characterized by "4 D's of Pellagra:" dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia & death. Vit C Deficiency (Scurvy) - -Early signs are bleeding gums/pinpoint hemorrhages under skin, rough scaly skin, hardening of arteries or massive bleeding can happen & lead to death. Vit D Deficiency (Rickets) - -Bone formation impaired. Bow legged appearance. Vit A Deficiency - -Leads to blindness. Even mild deficiency causes diarrhea & URIs Iron Deficiency ( Anemia) - - Iodine Deficiency - -Leads to physical/mental developmental delays. Arboflavinosis lack of riboflavin. Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Kwashiorkor - -Adequate calories, not enough protein. Often occurs in areas of famine, low food supply, low education levels. Often tropical regions w/ diet high in starch/low in protein. Early RX has+ results. Without RX, is fatal. Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus - Marasmus - -Means to "waste away." Is acute form of malnutrition. Deficiency of BOTH calories AND protein. Most severe form of childhood malnutrition. Body fat stores used for energy & then muscle is broken down for body fuel. Person appears as skin/bones w/ lg eyes, bald head, aged/gaunt appearance. Once severe muscle wasting occurs, death is imminent. Have below norm body temp Treatments for malnutrition - -Physical factors- poor appetite, poorly fitting dentures, affecting the ability to chew foods, loss of tase and smell, disability and disease e.g. stroke, cancer dysphagia and Parkinson's Lifestyle factors- ability to maintain their nutritional intake may include reduced income, isolation and loneliness, religious and cultural beliefs, lack of food choices, e/g/ people resident in care homes may have reduced variety menus, or the effects of reduced mobility in relation to shopping or preparing food Psychological factors - confusion, depression, bereavement or dementia, which can affect a persons ability to desire to prepare food Meds should be reviewed. Parkinson's drugs, co-beneldopa, may cause dry mouth and alter taste. Clopidogrel (for stroke or MI) can cause dyspepsia and diarrhea and irbestatrit and anti- htn may cause n/v/ Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool *MUST* BMI - 18.5 RISK for malnuturtion loss of 10% or more of normal body weight in 3-6mths is malnutrition risk Acute illness resulting in no nuturaionl intak for more than 5 days 2 or > high risk of malnutrition A "food first" approach is usually the first step towards tx or reventing malnutrition. - high nutritional value, add snacks, reducing portion size to encourage completion of meals, may prescribe (ONS) oral nutritional supplments - ONS may be stopped when the following conditions apply -DI is meeting requirements -Wt has increase to target BMI is within healthy range condition has changed- eg. Swallowing condition recovers 0 no longer tolerat them due to taste fatigue Key points: 1 in 4 addults affect by malnutrition on admission to hospital screening should be completed upon initial contact and rescreening Malnutritional mgt should look at with a "food first" approach ONS should be prescribed to monitor its effectives and stop/ as required. Reg monitoring. What changes were made when DRIs were established in the late 1990s? - -DRI replaced RDA's. DRI's are specified on age, gender, and life stage, and cover more than 40 nutrient substances. They rely on best scientific evidence. Overtime and vary on cycle stage or gender. The Reference values for ht/wt are from NHANES III. DRI"s differ from the original RDA's in that they incorporate in the concpets of disease prevention, Upper level of intake and potential toxcicity, in non traditiaonl nutrients. More relationships of phytochemicals, herbals, botanicsl and helath these 2 can incorporate into the recommendations. DRI's are a set of at least for nutrient based reference values these are est av require. (EAR) upper intake level (UL) adequate intake (AI) and RDA. DRI - -Set of at least for nutrient based reference values these are estimated average requirements. UL - -Upper intake level- highest level of continued daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose an adverse health effect. EAR - -Estimated average requirement- median intake to meet requirements. Not all nutrients have ERA. The ERA is used to calculate the RDA. RDA - -ERA + 2 std deviation of the requirement. If there is not ERA there can no RDA, unless there is the case an AI is provided. It is important to see the RDA or AI without exceeding the UL AI - -Adequate intake can be used as a guide for intake but not used for all applications a EAR is used for What is the DASH diet and what level of sodium has been shown to reduce high blood pressure? - -Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Reduce sodium intake below the current recommendation of 100 mmol/day and the DASH diet lowered BP. MyPlate tips - -Make half your plate fruit and veggies Focus on whole fruits Vary your veggies Make half your grains whole grains Move to low-fat and fat-free milk or yogurt Vary your protein routine Drink and eat less sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars What recommendations would you make to a pregnant patient regarding folate and why? - -To prevent neural tube defects Provide examples of whole grains versus refined grains and how could a patient better meet the recommendation for consumption of whole grains? - -Whole-Grain Flour - Contains all 3 parts of the grain kernel, bran, endosperm, and germ., denser texture, higher nutrient content, Fiver and B vitamins, shorter shelf life. Refined Flour -Contains only endosperm, finer texture, Has a lower nutrient content, lacking fiber and B vitamins, though some vitamins and minerals are added back in via enrichment. Has a longer shelf life. Define nutrient-dense and give examples of nutrient-dense foods - -Foods rich in nutrients for the number of calories contained in each item Fatty fish, dark leafy greens. Identify foods that are typically high in sodium and strategies to reduce sodium in the diet - -AMDR = Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range Look at a food label such as those pictured here - patient or family member the meaning of serving size, how DV relates to %DV, the meaning of the "footnote", why there are upper and lower limits of some nutrients, why some nutrients are listed without a %DV and how to spot added sugars in foods. - -DV% means daily value. It is based on the serving and the percent of value for that day, within that food item. 5-20 Rule: 5% or less means nutrient is not a good source for daily value. (5% is low) 20% or more is ideal (20% is high) *Less than 5% should be fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium *20% or more should be fiber, vitamins, and minerals. How do you calculate BMI from weight (lbs) and height (inches)? - -BMI= 703 x weight/height^2 What 4 things does a healthy weight loss plan consist of? - -A reasonable, realistic weight loss goal A reduced calorie, nutritionally-balanced eating plan Regular physical activity A behavior change plan to help you stay on track with your goals. "It appears that the increasing trend of overweight and obesity will likely overtake tobacco as the leading preventable cause of mortality in the United States" What are the primary diseases associated with poor diet and lifestyle? - -Coronary Heart Dx, some cancers, and stroke. How much of the total healthcare expenditures is spent on preventative approaches to preventable disease? - -5 Billion