IL CADC Exam Set I with complete solutions

Down regulation - ANSWER-The way a drug reduces the number of receptor sites for a specific neurotransmitter, e.g., alcohol reduces GABA receptors causing hyperarousal. Pharmacodynamic tolerance - ANSWER-A defense mechanism of the brain that causes neurons to become less sensitive to the effects of psychoactive drugs. DRD2A1 allele - ANSWER-A gene that seems to have an influence on vulnerability to alcoholism, discovered in 1990. Nucleus accumbens - ANSWER-The area of the brain that gives a surge of pleasure and a desire to repeat the action when stimulated by experience or by psychoactive drugs. E. M. Jellinek - ANSWER-Famed researcher of alcoholism and founder of the Center of Alcohol Studies and co-founder of the National Council on Alcoholism. KorsakoffÍs psychosis - ANSWER-A disease that most often affects heavy long-term drinkers causing short-term memory failure, emotional apathy, confabulation, and disorientation. WernickeÍs encephalopathy - ANSWER-A central nervous system (CNS) disease caused by excessive long-term drinking and vitamin B1 deficiency. Symptoms include delirium and loss of balance. Dementia - ANSWER-Intellectual impairment that includes deterioration of intellectual ability, faulty memory, disorientation, and diminished problem solving skills. Cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-An enlarged, flabby, and inefficient heart. Hypoglycemia - ANSWER-Low blood sugar that can be the result of malnutrition due to drinking. It causes lethargy, lightheadedness, and hunger. Pancreatitis - ANSWER-Inflammation of the pancreas. Gastritis - ANSWER-Inflammation of the gastrointestinal system, particularly the stomach that can be caused by drinking. Fatty liver - ANSWER-The accumulations of fatty acids in the liver that can begin to occur after just a few days of heavy drinking. Necrosis - ANSWER-Cell death. Cirrhosis - ANSWER-A serious progressive liver disease that scars the liver; often caused by heavy chronic alcohol abuse. Alcoholic hepatitis - ANSWER-Inflammation and impairment of liver function caused by excessive use of alcohol. Limbic system - ANSWER-The emotional center in the central nervous systemÍs midbrain that alters moods and emotions. Isopropyl alcohol - ANSWER-Propanol or rubbing alcohol, used in shaving lotion, shellac, antifreeze, antiseptics, and lacquer. Methyl alcohol - ANSWER-Methanol or wood alcohol, a toxic industrial solvent. Ethyl alcohol - ANSWER-Ethanol, or grain alcohol, the main psychoactive component in all alcoholic beverages. Volstead Act - ANSWER-This 1920, law called ñProhibitionî or the ñEighteenth Amendment,î prohibited the sale and public consumption of alcohol. Psychedelic - ANSWER-A common term for any drug that can induce illusions or hallucination, e.g., LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, ketamine, and potent marijuana. Synesthesia - ANSWER-The mixing or crossing over of the senses. For example, one hears colors, sees tastes, tastes sounds. DMT - ANSWER-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a short-acting hallucinogenic drug found in several plants or synthesized in the laboratory. Phenylalkylamine psychedelics - ANSWER-A class of psychedelics chemically related to adrenaline and amphetamines, e.g., MDMA (ecstasy), peyote. MDA - ANSWER-3,4,-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is a synthetic hallucinogen that became popular in the 1960s. MDMA - ANSWER-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy: a psycho-stimulant that became popular in the 1980s. Schedule I drugs - ANSWER-Substances regulated by the Controlled Substances Act of 1971. Schedule I drugs have no medical use and are highly addictive, e.g., heroin, LSD, MDMA. Down regulation 2 - ANSWER-The retreat of serotonin receptors into the cell membrane to avoid damage. Excess MDMA use can cause this. Anticholinergic drugs - ANSWER-Psychedelic substances like belladonna that contains scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine that interfere with the action of acetylcholine. Belladonna (nightshade) - ANSWER-A hallucinogenic plant whose active ingredients cause intoxication, hallucinations, and drugged sleep. Dextromethorphan - ANSWER-A nonprescription opioid cough suppressant found in over 140 medications. Very high doses can cause psychedelic effects. Vasodilation - ANSWER-The dilation of blood vessels caused by volatile nitrites causes a rush of blood to the head. They are used in sexual activity. Ergogenic - ANSWER-Any drug that increases performance and strength in athletics or bodybuilding. NSAIDs - ANSWER-Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to control inflammation and lessen pain, e.g., Motrin and Advil Pseudoephedrine - ANSWER-An isomer of ephedrine that is used in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamines. It is found in many over-the-counter products. DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone - ANSWER-A hormone supplement used by some athletes to try and increase testosterone levels. Beta blockers - ANSWER-A class of drugs (e.g., atenolol) that calms the bodyÍs heart rate, respiration, and tension by blocking epinephrine (adrenaline). Public health model - ANSWER-This model holds that there is an interaction among a host, the environment, and the agent (e.g., the drug). Prevention is designed to affect the relationship of these three factors to control addiction. Endocarditis - ANSWER-Bacterial infection of heart valves that can be fatal; often induced by infected needles during IV drug use. NIMH - ANSWER-National Institute of Mental Health Schizophrenia - ANSWER-A thought disorder (mental illness) characterized by hallucinations, delusional and inappropriate behavior, poor contact with reality, and an inability to cope with life. Affective disorders - ANSWER-Any mood or emotional disorder such as depression, bipolar disorder, or dysthymic disorder. Bipolar disorder - ANSWER-A mental illness characterized by mood swings between excessive elation and severe depression with periods of normalcy. It used to be called ñmanic-depression.î Panic disorder - ANSWER-An anxiety disorder characterized by multiple panic attacks (sudden repeated episodes of intense anxiety, panic, confusion). Personality disorders - ANSWER-Rigid and maladaptive behavior patterns that begin in childhood, often last a lifetime, and are often self-defeating, e.g., paranoid, antisocial, narcissistic, borderline and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) - ANSWER-Characterized by sharp shifts in mood, impulsivity (often self-destructive), anger, alienation, and unstable self-image. Dysthymia - ANSWER-A depressive mood disorder that is not as serious as major depression but can last for years. Somatoform disorders - ANSWER-Disorders that have physical symptoms without a known or discoverable physical cause and are likely to be psychologically caused, e.g., hypochondria. Factitious disorder - ANSWER-A disorder in which the individual voluntarily produces the signs and symptoms of diseases in order to become a patient in a medical setting. Narcoleptics - ANSWER-Drugs used to treat psychosis. SSRIs - ANSWER-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a newer group of antidepressants that increase the levels of serotonin in the central nervous system, e.g., Prozac and Zoloft Overview of psychoanalytic therapy - ANSWER-A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to events of the first 6 years of life as determinants of the later development of personality Key figures of psychoanalytic therapy - ANSWER-Sigmund Freud Overview of Adlerian therapy - ANSWER-This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating oneÍs own destinyÍ and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are use in most other current therapies. Key figures of Adlerian therapy - ANSWER-Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs made it popular in the USA Overview of Existential therapy - ANSWER-This model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape oneÍs life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship. Key figures of Existential therapy - ANSWER-Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques. Overview of Person-centered therapy - ANSWER-Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns. Key figures of Person-centered therapy - ANSWER-Founder: Carl Rogers Natalie Rogers. This approach was developed during the 1940Ís as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Overview of Gestalt therapy - ANSWER-An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration, it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind. Key figures of Gestalt therapy - ANSWER-Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls. Miriam and Erving Polster. Overview of Behavior therapy - ANSWER-This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. Key figures of Behavior therapy - ANSWER-B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, and Albert Bandura. Overview of Cognitive Behavior therapy - ANSWER-A highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy that that stresses the role of thinking and belief systems as the root of personal problems, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Key figures of Cognitive Behavior therapy - ANSWER-Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy and A.T. Beck founded cognitive therapy. Overview of Reality therapy - ANSWER-This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs. Key figures of Reality therapy - ANSWER-Founder: William Glasser Robert Wubbolding. Overview of Feminist therapy - ANSWER-A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated this approach explores women's identity development, self-concept, goals and emotional well-being. Key figures of Feminist therapy - ANSWER-This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker, Miller Carolyn, Zerbe Enns, Oliva Espin, and Laura Brown Overview of Post modern approaches - ANSWER-Social constructionism solution-focused brief therapy and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life. Key figures of Post modern approaches - ANSWER-Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the co-founders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. Overview of Family systems therapy - ANSWER-This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family. Key figures of Family systems therapy - ANSWER-A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach including Alfred Adler, Murray Bowed, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, and Cloe Madanes. FreudÍs stage First year of life - ANSWER-Oral stage FreudÍs stage Ages 1-3 - ANSWER-Anal stage FreudÍs stage Ages 3-6 - ANSWER-Phallic stage FreudÍs stage Ages 6-12 - ANSWER-Latency stage FreudÍs stage Ages 12-18 - ANSWER-Genital stage FreudÍs stage Ages 18-death - ANSWER-Genital stage continues EriksonÍs stage First year of life - ANSWER-Infancy: Trust VS Mistrust EriksonÍs stage Ages 1-3 - ANSWER-Early childhood: Autonomy VS shame and doubt EriksonÍs stage Ages 3-6 - ANSWER-Preschool age: Initiative VS guilt EriksonÍs stage Ages 6-12 - ANSWER-School age: Industry VS inferiority