Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions & Answers
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Nursing Pathophysiology
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Nursing Pathophysiology
Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions & Answers-While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: - Diabet...
Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions & Answers While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - Bundle of His Which of the following patient would be mo st prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: - Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled A 76 -year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase imbalance is most likely in this patient? - Metabolic alkalosis, compensating A 50 -year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? - Atrial fibrillation A 65 -year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: - Ventricular activity Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? - metabolic acidosis A 20 -year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause? - hyperventila tion A 24 -year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be referred to as: - Pathologic hyperplasia A 34 -year-old was diagnosed w ith malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the patient about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when describing malignant cells? - Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible A characteristic of a ma lignant tumor includes that it: - can spread far from the tissue of origin A 25 -year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer does he have? - adenocarcinoma When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - Increase in size The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: - programmed cell death A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell - size A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor knows the student understands cancer when wh ich of the following are associated risks for cancer? - -Epstein -Barr virus (EBV) -hepatitis C virus (HCV) -hepatitis B virus (HBV) -human papillomavirus (HPV) A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? - Enzymes A 30 -year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged sputum. His chest x -ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he was found to have had t uberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in which of the following forms of necrosis? - caseous When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - Two-thirds of the body's water is intracellular. Rationale: One -third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight. Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state that: A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion. B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space. C) Water moves freely across membranes. D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - C) Water moves freely across the capillary or cell membrane. Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium -potassium pump. When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - It is a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels ar e depressed. Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion. When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it: - Is a result of an underlying disorder. Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually re lated to an underlying disorder, and therefore, treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms associated with this syndrome. When discus sing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is generally: - An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea. Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can occur due to burns, vomiting, diar rhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is uncommon. Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium)? - It often occurs in acidosis. Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increa se in aldosterone would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule. A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and bi carbonate. This patient is experiencing: - metabolic acidosis. Rationale: A decrease in pH and bicarbonate occur with metabolic acidosis. Additionally, metabolic acidosis causes deep and rapid breathing, as the body tries to compensate by removing carbon dioxide. Metabolic alkalosis occurs if pH and bicarbonate levels are elevated. Respiratory acidosis occurs when pH is decreased and carbon dioxide is elevated, whereas respiratory alkalosis occurs when pH is elevated and carbon dioxide is decreased. A common cause of the increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues (edema) includes: Select all that apply. A) Increased hydrostatic pressure. B) Decreased plasma oncotic pressure. C) Increased capillary membrane permea bility. D) Lymphatic obstruction. E) Increased barometric pressure. - A,B,C,&D Rationale: There are four common causes of increased edema: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, and ly mphatic obstruction. Barometric pressure (Atmospheric pressure) is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the Earth's atmosphere When discussing causes of hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium), it is c orrect to include: Select all that apply. A) Excessive free water intake. B) Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline solution. C) Oversecretion of the hormone aldosterone.
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