Summary

Summary Ch 79 outline: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, ISBN: 9780323597128 PBL

0 purchase

Course
PBL

Institution
Lake Erie College Of Osteopathic Medicine

Ch 79 outline: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, ISBN: 7128 PBL

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 9 pages

View example

Summarized whole book? No
Which chapters are summarized? Chapter 79
Uploaded on March 7, 2023
Number of pages 9
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

outline
ch 79
physiology
glucose
glycogen
insulin
diabetes
medical
medicine
guyton

$9.79

Add to cart

Add to wishlist

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

PhysCh79:Insulin,glucagon,diabetesmellitus
IntroductionPancreassecretesinsulin&glucagon:crucialfornormalregulationofglucose,lipid,andproteinmetabolism
●Pancreatictissues
○Acini:secretesdigestivejuicesintoduodenum
○Isletsoflangerhans:secreteinsulin&glucagondirectlyintoblood
■1-2Mineachpancreas
■Contains:
●Alphacells:25%-secreteglucagon
●Betacells:60%-secreteinsulin&amylin
●Deltacells:10%-secretesomatostatin
●PPcells:veryfew-secretepancreaticpolypeptide
■Allowscell-cellcommunication&directcontrolofsecretionInsulin
●Affectsfat,protein,andcarbohydratemetabolism
●Associatedwithenergyabundance
○Dietofabundantfood
→abundantenergy
→increasedinsulinsecretion
○Excesscarbs
→carbsstoredasglycogen
■Convertedintofats&storedinadipose
○InsulinpromotesAAuptakebycells&convertingthemtoproteins
■Inhibitsbreakdownofproteinsalreadyincells-Chemistry
●2chainsconnectedbydisulﬁdelinkages
○Whensplit,functionalactivityofinsulinlost
●Synthesis:
β
-
cells
○TranslationofinsulinRNA(ribosomesonER)
→preproinsulin
→cleavedinER
→proinsulin
→cleavedingolgi
→insulin
■A&Bchainsconnectedbydisulﬁdelinkages
■Cchainpeptide
○Cpeptide&insulinpackagedintogranules
→secretedinequimolaramounts(1:1)
■5-10%secretedasproinsulin
○Cpeptide:
■BindsGPCRsoncellmembranes
→activatesNa/K-ATPases&endothelialNOsynthase
■Measuredbyradioimmunoassayinsulin-treateddiabeticpatients(determineshowmuchoftheirowninsulintheyareproducing
●PtswithType1(cannotproduceinsulin)havegreatlydecreasedCpeptidelevels
○Insulincirculatesunboundinblood(½life:6m)
■Clearedfromcirculationwithin10-15m
■Insulinthatbindstoreceptorsontargetcellsdegradedbyinsulinase(inliver)-Activatingtargetcellreceptors
●Insulinreceptor:enzymelinkedreceptor;4subunitsheldbydisulﬁdelinkages
○2
α
:outsidecellmembrane
○2
β
:crossesmembraneandprotrudesintocellcytoplasm ●Insulinbinds
α
-
subunit
→
β
-
subunitsautophosphorylated
→tyrosinekinasesactivated
→phosphorylatesintracellularenzymes
○Insulin-receptorsubstrates(IRS):mediateseffectsonglucose,fat,andproteinmetabolism
●Insulinstimulationcauses:
○80%ofbodycellstoincreasetheirglucoseuptake
●Especiallyfat&muscle;notneurons
■Glucosetransportviatranslocationofintracellularvesiclestocellmembrane
●Wheninsulinunavailable,vesiclesseparatefromcell&movebacktocellinterior
■Glucoseenterscell
→phosphorylatedtobecomeasubstrateforcarbohydratefunctions
○CellmembranepermeabletoAAs,K+,PO-
→increasedtransportofionsintocell
○Slowereffects(hrs-days):changedtranslationrateormRNAtoformnewproteins
■Allowsinsulintoachieveitsmetaboliceffects-Effectofinsulinoncarbmetabolism
●Promotingmuscleglucoseuptake
○MuscletissuedependsonFAsforenergy
■Normalrestingmusclemembraneslightlypermeabletoglucose(exceptwhenmusclestimulatedbyinsulin)
■Insulincanincreaserateofglucosetransportintorestingmuscleby15-fold
○Whenmusclesuseglucose:
■Moderateorheavyexercise
●Doesnotrequirelargeamountsofinsulin
●MusclecontractionincreasestranslocationofGLUT4tofacilitatediffusionofglucoseintocell
■Firstfewhrsafterameal
●Bloodglucosehigh&pancreassecretinglargeamountsofinsulin
●Extrainsulincausesrapidtransportofglucoseintomusclecells
○MusclecellsuseglucoseinsteadofFAs
●Storageofglycogeninmuscle
○Excessglucosestoredasglycogen(2-3%concentration)
■Usedforlaterenergy
○Glycogen:
■Usefulforshortperiodsofextremeenergyusagebymuscles
■Providesspurtsofanaerobicenergyforafewminutesatatimeviaglycolyticbreakdownofglycogentolacticacid(canoccurwithoutoxygen)
●Liveruptake,storage,useofglucose
○Insulincausingglucoseuptakeinliver:
■Insulininactivatesliverphosphorylase
→preventsbreakdownofstoredglycogen
●Phosphorylasecausesliverglycogentosplitintoglucose
■Insulinenhancesuptakeofglucosebylivercellsbyincreasingactivityofglucokinase

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ryleighmarie. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $9.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

69988 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now

Start selling

Seller

Case ·

Summary

Summary Ch 79 outline: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, ISBN: 9780323597128 PBL

Document information

Subjects

Connected book

More summaries for

Written for