OCN Study Guide | 347 Questions And Answers

OCN Study Guide | 347 Questions And Answers Pleural Effusion fluid in pleural space pneumothorax air in the pleural space Which chemo has a high risk for pulmonary toxicity? bleomycin (Blenoxane) For which pulmonary toxicity does bleomycin have a high risk? Pneumonitis Hypocapnia reduced carbon dioxide in the blood Signs and Symptoms of pleural effusion tachypnea (fast breathing) decreased breath sounds dullness to percussion Define Lymphedema obstruction of lymphatic system that caused overload of lymph in the interstitial space Define Edema fluid in the interstitial space Cancer most commonly associated with lymphedema Breast Stage 1 Lymphedema less than 3 cm difference pitting edema Stage 2 Lymphedema 3-5 cm difference skin stretched and shiny nonpitting Stage 3 Lymphedema greater than 5 cm difference skin discolored, stretched, firm nonpitting Lymphedema treatment compression garment manual lymphatic drainage elevation aerobic exercise with strength training low sodium diet Sentinel lymph node dissection removal of the first lymph node that contains cancer cells Hematoma abnormal collection of blood in tissues Pericardial effusion excess fluid around the heart Tumors associated with malignant pericardial effusions Lung High dose cyclophosphamide cardiac effects damaged cardiac endothelium Paclitaxel cardiac effects asymptomatic bradycardia 5FU cardiac effects coronary artery spasm Anthracycline (Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and epirubicin) cardiac effects cardiomyopathy Diagnostic test for pericardial effusion Echo Abnormalities of what electrolyte and what mineral interfere with cardiac function? Potassium and Calcium What med can be used to protect heart against effects of doxorubicin Dexrazoxane Spiral CT Diagnostic test for pulmonary emboli D-DImer test used to diagnose or rule out conditions that cause hypercoagulability (inappropriate clotting) DIC Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving the body open to bleeding without protection Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer Tests to diagnose DIC How to treat DIC Treat underlying cause What does FFP do? Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It is also used to correct DIC. Most common cancer associated with DIC? Leukemia, specifically APL Signs/Symptoms of DIC bleeding from 3 unrelated sites hypoxia SOB fever mottled extremities Causes of DIC Delivery (of baby) Infection Cancer How does Heparin help DIC? Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28 seconds) S/S of septic shock Fever Tachycardia Hypotension Most common cause of sepsis Gram (-) bacteria DIC Accelerated activation of the coagulation cascade. Clots form in random places leaving the body open to bleeding without protection Platelet count, Fibrinogen level, D Dimer, FDP Titer Tests to diagnose DIC How to treat DIC Treat underlying cause What does FFP do? Contains all of the clotting factors except platelets. Used to supplement red blood cells when whole blood is not available or to correct a bleeding problem of unknown cause. It is also used to correct DIC. Most common cancer associated with DIC? Leukemia, specifically APL Signs/Symptoms of DIC bleeding from 3 unrelated sites hypoxia SOB fever mottled extremities Causes of DIC Delivery (of baby) Infection Cancer How does Heparin help DIC? Interferes with thrombin production. Maintain PTT at 1-2 times the normal level (18-28 seconds) S/S of septic shock Fever Tachycardia Hypotension Most common cause of sepsis Gram (-) bacteria Granulocytopenia failure of the bone marrow to make enough white blood cells (neutrophils) Highest risk factor for sepsis Prolonged granulocytopenia (less than 500/mm3) What cancer commonly produces TLS? High grade lymphoma