, BIOS 251 A&P 1 Final Study Guide
*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold*
Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study Guide!
Ch. 1
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory processes.
Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of
their surrounding fluid
Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease.
Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops)
Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels)
> Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response (decrease in HR)
Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a set point (ex. Birth)
o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) > Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control
Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the cervix more)
Ch. 2
Acids and bases
Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions)
Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions) and are
proton acceptors.
pH scale
Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14
7 is neutral
Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1
Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14
Blood is just over
7 Ch. 3
Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic)
Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells.
Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape
Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze
2
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