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Summary Human Biology - H4

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This summary Human Biology includes books, slides and lecture notes. Titles are clearly marked in color, and expressed figures are all included. The text is written in English. Good luck, it worked for me ;-)!

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  • July 10, 2016
  • 6
  • 2015/2016
  • Summary
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Chapter 4 : From Cells to Organ systems
Tissues = Groups of specialized cells with a common function

4Types of tissue : EPITHELIAL // CONNECTIVE /// MUSCLE // NERVOUS

EPITHELIAL tissues cover body surfaces and cavities
Two basic purposes :
 Line body cavities and cover surfaces, protecting underlying tissues
 ‘Glandular epithelia’ (klieren - glands = epithelial tissues specialized to synthesize & secrete a product) :
 Exocrine glands : Secrete products in hollow organs/ducts (secreting salivia, sweat, acid in stomach..)
 Endocrine glands : Secrete hormones into blood stream with chemic messages( thyroid gland – schildklier)




Classified according to CELL SHAPE
 Squamous epitheleum : One/more layers flattened cells => skin,Inner of blood vessels,lungs, mouth, throat, vagina
 Cuboidal epitheleum : Cube-shaped cells => kidney tubules, surface of ovaries (glands ? slide)
 Columnar epitheleum : Column-shaped (rectangular) cells => Respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts & larynx
(strottenhoofd). ‘Goblet’ cells secrete mucus (thick fluid llubricating tissues & traps bacteria, irritating particles).

… and NUMBER OF LAYERS :
• Simple/single-layered epitheleum : molecules can pass through easily => diffusion across cell barriers. Glands +
respiratory-digestive-reproductive systems
• Stratified/multiple-layered epitheleum : Provides protection for underlying cells (e.g. the skin surface)

The BASEMENT MEMBRANE provides structural support
Basement membrane = a supporting noncellar layer directly beneath the cell of an epithelial tissue (and beneath that
one, is a layer of connective tissue – see later) => Anchors the epithelial cells to the strong connective tissue below.
Consists proteins secreted by the epithelial cells & by underlying connective tissue layer. (is NOT plasma membrane =
part of living cell!!)
Epithelial cells may also be connected to eachother in 3 types of junctions made up by different PROTEINS :
 Tight junctions : seal plasma membranes of adjecent cells so tightly that nothing can pass => controls movement
of substances in/out our body (digestive tract, bladder, tubules kidneys)
 Adhesion junctions : “spot demosomes”, looser. Tissues can strectch & bend (skin)
 Gap junctions : Connecting channels for movement of water & ions between adjacent cells. (liver, heart, muscles).

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