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Summary Quantum mechanics and crystal structure.
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Real Crystals and Point Defects - Crystal Structure -Engineering Physics 1
Ekeeda
Real crystals are different from the ideal crystals wherein there are certain defects in the
synthesis of crystals, so let 's study about them in detail music as you know crystals are
synthesised by using unit cells. In the structure of these unit cells. The pricing of diamonds
is of course, dependent on the purity and of course on the crystal structure. the first defect in
which the first defect is the vacancy defect. This is the place where vacancy is created. This
is the vacant site. the removed electron or atom does not vanish. It does not get destroyed
mathematically. The average energy required to create a vacancy is the amount of energy
needed to create one vacancy.. interstitial industrial is nothing but as intermediary positions
now an extra atom of the same type. energy by which you can create one vacancy now k as
you know is Boltzmann constant. Now we will be doing the numericals in the coming classes
of course, the next effect will be talking about this interstitial defect..
A pair of positive ions and a negative ion knocked out creating a vacancy and that vacant
space was occupied by this red item. This red header is a foreign atom. a foreign atom
occupies a regular site and hence a vacancy is being created and of course, you can say if
vacancy is created, then only the foreign atom can take the regular site.. This is not in the
case of a shortcut effect. We are removing an equal amount of positive charges and
negative charges and therefore the electrical neutrality is maintained.. Mathematically, we
can say that n is equal to n into the e to the power e p divided by 2kt with a negative sign.
Now this formula is again very critical. This formula tells you the n which is the number of
ion pair vacancies. a positive ion has not been kept out of the crystal. The structure of its site
has just been replaced from its regular site to a non regular site, which thereby maintains
electrical neutrality or we can say that if it was net charge 0 before the shifting of the
shifting, the net charge after the shifting would be zero as well..
The most important question in Viva was how would you relate this E to the number of or
Frankel defects?. This is the energy required to create a vacancy pair. the energy E would be
less for this pair. In cases where anion and cation are of significant sizes.. in frankl, a catan
gets distorted or dislocated. A cation gets dislocated from its regular site and occupies a
place in the interstitial site.. shortcut effect occurs in ionic compounds having high
coordination number.. In case of the frenkel defect we can see it occurs only in the pairs or
the ionic. compounds where cation is smaller as compared to that of the anion.. In the case
of Frenkel. defect. Franklin defect occurs in both of the cases, but in frontal defect. There is
no loss in cation in the crystal. In Franklin defect. in order to distort the crystal structure of
metals,. point defects distort its crystal structure, and this is how you do that by using point
defects. Next is the appearance of luminances and alkali metals. The next use is very
important, particularly mechanical engineering students and civil engineering students.
Using these crystal defects, you can increase the strength of materials now.
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