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Summary Course 1.4C Biological Psychology : The Human Body $7.05   Add to cart

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Summary Course 1.4C Biological Psychology : The Human Body

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I offer you nice and precise notes which focus on relevant things and make the topic. It focuses on the first year and is the 4th Block with all the weeks summarized. I added bullet points and relevant headings to make the opic easy. Its way shorter than reading all the literature and makes studyin...

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  • March 30, 2023
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  • 2020/2021
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1.4C The Human Body

1.4.1 Brain and Body

The Nervous system:

 Neurons → form nerves
 carry information to brain and respond
 86 billion neurons
 Nervous system covered by connective tissue

subarachnoid space: fluid filled→ cushion brain

cerebrospinal fluid: clear fluid→ blood plasma

 Cranial Nerves

General definition: connected from the brain – they control vital reflexes

Central Nervous system:

 brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS)

 cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia
 efferent: carry away to other parts (muscles/glands)
 afferent: sensory activated by external stimuli → axon directed towards Cns to
convey sensory information
 cranial nerves: peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain-parasymphatetic

1. Sympathetic Nervous System:

Location: ganglia in lumbar (lower back) & thoracic (chest) regions of spinal cord

Function: prepares the body for action, arousal, stress

Expends energy

Phrase: “fight or flight” response

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System:

Location: nerves in brain &sacral (lower back) region

Function: calms the body – both psychologically & physiologically

Conserves energy

Phrase: “rest & digest”

,Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): reflex loop, involuntary internal environment

symphatetic: higher heart rate, stress response

→ expenditure of energy from reserves

parasymphatetic: increase blood flow, poop, nap

→ psychological relaxation, conserves energy -rest and digest

Somatic nervous system: receive sensory information and control movements

→ regulates inetraction external environment

Motor neuron:



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Neurons: cell that transmits information in the brain

Structure of a neuron (Take-home assignment on Canvas)

A: dendites

B: nucleus

C: cell body

D: axon

E: branches

F: presynaptic terminals

Dendrites → Collection of information from other neurons

Cell body → Integration of incoming information and generation of outgoing signal to the
axon

Axon → Passing the signal over long distances

,Axon branches → Passing the signal in different directions

Terminal buttons/terminals → Here the signal is passed to the dendrites of other neurons or
other cells

Nucleus → Location of DNA (the genetic information)

 Myelin Sheath: fatty insulating material that allows action potential – protects the
axon & speeds up the transmission of the input

Extra Question: Is regenerative power only found in schwann’s cells?

So, less regenerative power for the CNS?

 located Spinal cord
 axon much longer

types of nerons:

sensory neurons: from senses to brain -afferent; carry msgs from sensory receptors (eg.
touch) to CNS/PNS

motor neurons: from brain to muscles/glands- efferent

3. Interneurons/Relays: connect sensory neurons and motor neurons

 efferent: carry information towards the CNS
 afferent: carry information away from the CNS




Synapse: contact to next neuron

 Membrane potential → voltage differential
 inactive 70
 Ion channels→ more than 300 different
 Action potential→ Iron channel open
 inside positive, outside negative
 Sodium Potasium pump
 billions of neurons make sense of information
 neurons develop dendrites and axons and establish synaptic connections

Dendrite: collection of information from other neurons

nucleus: location of DNA

soma: integration of incoming information and generate outgoing signals to axon

axon: pass signals over long distances

, axon terminal/button: pass signals to other neurons/cell

Early development of the brain:

 neural tube forms when embryo is about 2-3 weeks




after 11 weeks→ expanding Cerebral cortex




Telencephalon→ Cerebrum

Brainstem: Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon not Cerebellum




Cerebellum:

 Body control
 receives visual, auditory, somatosensory information
 coordinating and smoothing effects on movements

Pons

 sleep and arousal
 information from cerebral cortex to Cerebellum

Medulla oblangata:

 regulation cardiovascular system
 control movements

Thalamus:

sorts data

 most neural input into cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus:

 controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine
 organize behaviour→ feeding, fleeing, mating, fight
 produce hormones

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