5. Describe And Evaluate Schaffer And Emerson\'s St
5. Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson\'s st
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5. Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachment ( 16 marks)
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5. Describe And Evaluate Schaffer And Emerson\'s St
5. Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachment ( 16 marks)
Schaffer & Emerson (1964) investigated the age at which specific attachments developed and if this was common to all infants. Studied 60 babies that were all from Glasgow, the majority were from skilled working class...
5 describe and evaluate schaffer and emersons stages of attachment 16 marks schaffer amp emerson 1964 investigated the age at which specific attachments developed and if this was common t
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5. Describe and evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's stages of
attachment ( 16 marks)
Schaffer & Emerson (1964) investigated the age at which specific attachments
developed and if this was common to all infants. Studied 60 babies that were all
from Glasgow, the majority were from skilled working class families. Babies and
their mothers were visited every month for the first year and then again at 18
months to observe their behaviour . The mothers were also interviewed about
the child’s response in everyday separation anxiety related situations. Schaffer
and Emerson found that Between 6-8 months of age 50% of the babies showed
signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult (usually, mother)
.Attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was most sensitive to infant
signals and facial expressions (i.e. reciprocity/synchrony) and not necessarily the
person that they spent the most time with.By 10 months ; 80% of babies had a
specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments to other
people who they spent time with.
Schaffer and Emerson suggested that there were 4 stages of attachment. The
1st stage was asocial . When infants are 0 to 6 weeks they begin to form a bond
with their carer. However, infant’s behaviour towards non-human objects and
humans is similar. They may start to show preference for familiar adults, and are
more easily soothed by these adults. Stage 2 – Indiscriminate attachment (6
weeks to 6 months). In this stage they show a clear preference for people for
objects and recognise familiar adults. At this stage babies also accept comfort
from adults, and do not usually show separation or stranger anxiety
(indiscriminate as it is not towards any one specific person). Stage 3 – Specific
attachment (7 months onwards) – Majority of the babies start displaying anxiety
towards strangers and become anxious when separated from one adult (mother
in most cases). The baby is said to form a specific attachment, and the adult is
the primary attachment figure. The primary attachment is not who spends the
most time with them but the one who responds the most to their signals.
Stage 4 – Multiple attachments (11 months onwards) – Once they show
attachment towards one adult they usually extend this attachment behaviour to
multiple adults with whom they spend most time. These are called secondary
attachments. In the study, majority of the infants had developed multiple
attachments by the age of one year.
A strength of the theory is that it is supported by a study which was longitudinal
in design.For example, Schaffer and Emerson's study observed infants and their
Mothers regularly; every month for a year and then again at 18 monthsThis is a
strength as this allows for rich in-depth data on the participants and provides
better opportunities to compare their attachment over time. It provides more
internal validity than one-off observations which provide only a snapshot of the
type of attachments that the children have and would compare different children
at different ages (cross-sectional design). This adds to the validity of the theory,
as it is based on evidence which has high validity
A limitation of Schaffer stages of attachment is that it relies on evidence that is
difficult to interpret.For example, babies that are very young have poor
coordination and are generally immobile, and it is therefore very difficult to
make any judgements about them based on observations of their behaviour.This
is an issue as observations from this period of development are then heavily
reliant on researcher interpretation, meaning they lack objectivity and possibly
can’t be relied upon. The accuracy of such observations can therefore be called
into question. Therefore, limiting the validity of the research used to support
stages of attachment.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/99869409/5-Describe-and-evaluate-Schaffer-and-Emersons-stages-of-attachment-16-marksodt/
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