Answer:
Dopamine
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-
cortical(CSTC)circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this
network.Serotonin,dopamine, glutamate, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main
neurotransmittersthroughout theCSTC.
CompulsivebehaviorslinkedtoOCDarelikelytheproduct ofarelateddopaminergic reward
system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected
expectationofreward.Anxietyanda desiretofillthe gap are causedbyunfulfilledexpectations.
Step-by-Step
explanationReferences
Richter,M.A.,DeJesus, D.R.,Hoppenbrouwers,S.,Daigle,M.,Deluce,J.,Ravindran,L.N.,...&Daskalakis, Z.
J. (2019). Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in
obsessivecompulsivedisorder.Neuropsychopharmacology,37(5),1144-1151.
Pittenger, C., Krystal, J. H., &Coric, V. (2016). Glutamate-modulating drugs as
novelpharmacotherapeuticagentsin thetreatmentofobsessive-compulsivedisorder. NeuroRx,3(1),69-81.
1points
, QUESTION2
1. Selecttheclassofdrugsmosteffectiveintreatingpaindisorder.
A
Opioidanalgesics
.
BTCAandSSRI
. antidepressants
CBeta-adrenergic
. blockers
D
Moodstabilizers
.
Answer:
Opioidsanalgesics
,Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain.Weak
opioidanalgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combineacetaminophen with low
levelsof codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which includeoxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine,
can beusedto relievemild to extremeacute pain.
Opioidsaremedicationsthatarechemicallysimilar to,butmorepotentthan,thebody's ownpain
relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinalcord,
andgastrointestinaltract.
Step-by-Step
explanationReferences
Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ... &Lebuffe,
G.(2017).Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before
thyroidsurgery undergeneralanaesthesia.Britishjournalof anaesthesia, 99(4),561-566.
Mangione,M.P.,&Crowley-Matoka,M.(2018).Improvingpainmanagementcommunication:
how patients understand the terms "opioid" and "narcotic". Journal of general internalmedicine,
23(9),1336.
1points
QUESTION3
1. Selectthemostcommonlyoccurringeatingdisorder.
AAnorexia
. nervosa
BBulimia
. nervosa
C
Purging
.
D
Binge
.
Answer:
A.AnorexiaNervosa
Step-by-Stepexplanation
Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexiaoften
starvethemselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, likemany eating
disorders,tendsto affectmorewomenthan men.
1points
QUESTION4
1. Selectthedisorderinwhichinflictinginjurytoselforothersiscommon.
A
Pain
.
, B
Conversion
.
CSomatic
. symptom
D
Factitious
.
Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by
purposelygetting sickorby self-injury.
1points
QUESTION5
1. Selecttwoimagingmethodsusedtostudyanxietydisorders.
ACT
.
BTM
.S
CMRI
.
DEKG
.
1points
QUESTION6
1. Selectthetwofactorsthatdonotcausedissociativeamnesia.
ASexual
. abuse
BSubstance
. abuse
C
Surgicalpain
.
DPartner
. betrayal
Answer:
A.
Step-by-Step
explanationThecorrectan
sweris;
A.SexualabuseD.
Partnerbetrayal
Substanceabuseandsurgicalpaincancausedissociativeamnesia.
Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their
past.Thisforgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a largeportion
of aperson's life historyand/oridentity(general).
Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid
substanceusedisorder,butitcan alsointensifydissociativeamnesiasymptoms.
Dissociativedisordersareessentialtothepain physicianbecausepersistentpaincanbe
accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions
ofconsciousness,memory,identity,orperceptioncharacterizesdissociativedisorders.
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