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IB SEHS
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This has all the notes from IB SEHS including Option Topics A and B.
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Sport SL – Full NotesTable of Contents:
Standard Level
Topic 1 – Anatomy…………………………………….………………….2
Topic 2 – Exercise Physiology……………………………….……………6
Topic 3 – Energy Systems………………………………………………..12
Topic 4 – Movement Analysis………………………………………….....20
Topic 5 – Skill in Sport……………………………………………..…….27
Topic 6 – Measurement and Evaluation of Human Performance……….36
Higher Level
Topic 7 – Further Anatomy………………………………………………..…42
Topic 8 – The Endocrine System………………………………..……………48
Topic 9 – Fatigue……………………………………………………….……50
Topic 10 – Friction and Drag………………………………………………..51
Topic 11 – Skill Acquisition and Analysis…………………………………….52
Topic 12 – Genetics and Athletic Performance………………………………55
Topic 13 – Exercise and Immunity………………………………………….56
Option Topics
A – Optimising Physiological Performance………………………………………….59
B – Psychology of Sports………………………………………………...…………..71
By Eryanti Mills
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, Standard Level
Topic 1 – Anatomy
1.1– The Skeletal System
1.1.1 - Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton contains 80 bones and includes the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. The
appendicular skeleton has 126 bones and includes the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the pelvic (hip) girdle and the
bones of the upper and lower extremities, i.e., the arms and legs. The pectoral and pelvic girdles attach the upper
and lower extremities to the axial skeleton. The scapula and clavicle make up the pectoral girdle and the bones
of the upper extremity include the humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges. The bones
of the lower extremity include the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges.
1.1.2– Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function.
Components of Functions of Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Skull It provides protection to the brain, forms the orbit of the eyes, attachment to muscles, and
structure to face.
Vertebral It provides protection to the spinal cord and supports the head. It provides articulation sites
Column for ribs and innominate bones of pelvic girdle. It is also responsible for flexibility of the back.
Thoracic Cage It protects and supports the internal organs of the body such as heart and lung and some of
the abdominal organs like kidney and liver.
Components of Functions of Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle Functions to anchor and support the upper limbs, serves as an important attachment site for
many muscles that help to move the arms.
Pelvic Girdle Supports and protects the soft vital organs of the abdominal cavity, transfers the weight of
the upper axial skeleton to lower appendicular parts especially during body movement,
provides attachment to the lower limbs.
Upper Limbs Helps in the hand movement to perform various activities, helps the shoulder to perform a
wide range of motions.
Lower Limbs Weight-bearing bones and support the entire structure of the body while walking, jumping, or
running.
1.1.3– State the four types of bone.
Long bones usually have a long cylindrical shaft and are enlarged at both ends. They can be large or small, but
the length is always greater than the width. Long bones are the most important bones for movement. They
include the femur, metatarsals, and clavicle.
Short bones are small and cube-shaped, and they usually articulate with more than one other bone. Short bones
include the carpals of the hand and tarsals of the foot.
Flat bones usually have curved surfaces and vary from being quite thick to very thin. These bones provide
protection, and the broad surfaces also provide a large area for muscle attachment. Flat bones include the
sternum, scapula, ribs, and pelvis.
Irregular bones have specialized shapes and functions and include the vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
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,1.1.4 – Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.
Epiphysis - Two end partitions of a long bone, each covered by articular cartilage.
Diaphysis – Compact part of a long bone; a long shaft covered by a periosteum membrane. Important for
protection.
Periosteum – Membrane of a long bone for protection.
Spongy Bone - Higher surface area: mass ratio, lighter and weaker, flexible. Of a long bone at either end
Articular Cartilage - smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form
joints, helps to reduce friction, and absorb shock.
Bone Marrow - Soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced Red = produces
blood cells and platelets. Yellow marrow stores fat.
1.1.5 – Apply anatomical terminology to the location of bones.
Inferior - below or further away from the head
Superior - above or nearer to the head
Proximal - nearer to where a limb attaches to the body
Distal - further away from where a limb attaches to the body
Posterior – behind or nearer to the back
Anterior - the front or nearer to the front
Internal - located inside or further away from the surface
External - located on or near the surface
Lateral - further away from the midline of the body
Medial - closer to the midline of the body
1.1.6 – Outline the functions of connective tissue.
The function of connective tissue is either to join bodily structures like bones and muscles to one another or
hold tissues like muscles, tendons, or even organs in their proper place in the body. It also gives reinforcement
to joints, strengthening and supporting the articulations between bones. Another function of connective tissue is
the transport of nutrients and metabolic by-products between the bloodstream and the tissues to which it
adheres.
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, Creating dense networks of fibres, connective tissue is made up of proteins like collagen, elastin, and intercellular
fluid, and while its form can range from a thin sheet to a rope of fibres, its constitution is fairly similar
throughout the body.
1.1.7 – Define the term joint.
A joint or articulation is where two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other.
1.1.8 – Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement permitted.
Fixed Joints – very stable, no observable movement, bones are joined by strong fibres called sutures.
Cartilaginous Joints – allows slight movement, the ends of the joint are covered with white pads of
fibrocartilage, they act as shock absorbers.
Synovial Joints – most common type of joint, allows a wide range of movement, they are subdivided according
to movement possibilities, characterised by the presence of a joint capsule and cavity lined with synovial
membrane.
1.1.9 – Outline the features of a synovial joint.
Articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments, articular capsule.
Feature Structure Function
Ligament A band of strong fibrous connective Joins bone to bone, provides stability.
material.
Pads of fat Found between capsule, bone, or Increases joint stability, acts as a shock absorber,
muscle. reduces friction.
Meniscus Tough, flexible discs of fibrocartilage. Improves fit between bone ends, increases
stability, reduces wear and tear to joint surfaces.
Bursae Fluid filled sac found between tendon Reduces friction, found in body areas of high
and bone. stress.
Articular Smooth and spongy covers of the end Prevents friction between articulating bones.
cartilage of bones.
Synovial Fluid Slippery fluid which fills joint capsule. Reduce friction, nourish cartilage, get rid of
waste from joint.
Layered joint Outer layer – tough and fibrous. Strengthen joint, secrete synovial fluid.
cavity Inner layer – synovial membrane
covers all internal surfaces.
1.1.10 - List the different types of synovial joint.
Joint Description
Gliding Usually flat or slightly curved, slide across each other, least amount of movement.
Hinge The articular surfaces have been fused together so movement in one direction, joined by
ligaments, movement is only allowed in one plane (extension/flexion)
Pivot Rounded surface of one bone rolls around a ring formed by bone and ligament.
Condyloid A ball shaped bone, fits into a cup.
Saddle Saddle shaped bone, fits into a bone shaped like the legs, can move up, down, side to side.
Ball and A sphere-shaped bone fits into a rounded cavity, covered in cartilage to prevent friction, high
Socket range of movement.
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