WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (QUESTIONS AND ANSWER) NEWEST EDITION 2023

WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (QUESTIONS AND ANSWER) NEWEST EDITION 2023 Describe how your body responds to an infection. - CORRECT ANSWER-T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - CORRECT ANSWERMutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWERAlterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - CORRECT ANSWER-(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS - CORRECT ANSWER-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin produce angiotensin I converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II vasoconstriction release aldosterone kidneys conserve sodium and water Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA - CORRECT ANSWER-increased anion gap, decreased HCO3 How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER-retain H and excrete HCO3 Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - CORRECT ANSWERPotassium West Nile Virus - CORRECT ANSWER-Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum - CORRECT ANSWER-a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - CORRECT ANSWER-Spina bifida Trousseau's sign - CORRECT ANSWER-arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida - CORRECT ANSWER-results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. hemophilia is more common in - CORRECT ANSWER-males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - CORRECT ANSWER-ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - CORRECT ANSWER-Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWER-It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing. dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the skin eczema - CORRECT ANSWER-noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching decubitus ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER-sore caused by lying down for long periods of time Fungal infections - CORRECT ANSWER-superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores may or may not be transmitted benign neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER-noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders malignant neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER-uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured. osteomalacia - CORRECT ANSWER-disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency myoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER-red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells Bursa - CORRECT ANSWER-fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER-a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones Degenerative disk disease - CORRECT ANSWER-A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging Paget disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull communiuted fracture - CORRECT ANSWER-splintered into many pieces Three types of skin cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Melanoma basal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER-Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER-Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules. Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER-The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - CORRECT ANSWERimpaired immunity types of burns - CORRECT ANSWER-Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain Viltigo - CORRECT ANSWER-localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milkwhite patches ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - CORRECT ANSWER-ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood subdural hematoma - CORRECT ANSWER-collection of blood under the dura mater Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning Huntington's disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement Sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-abnormal condition of hardening disorders that cause vision loss - CORRECT ANSWER-glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision kyphosis - CORRECT ANSWER-excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. disorders that cause hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER-Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - CORRECT ANSWER-a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts. cerebral contusion - CORRECT ANSWER-the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v. TIA vs CVA - CORRECT ANSWER-TIA = -result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions multiple sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER-ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall thrombus vs embolus - CORRECT ANSWER-Thrombus = clot in arteries embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow Artherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques helial injury cell formation streak formation angina pectoris - CORRECT ANSWER-chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER-the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack) endocaritis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the inner lining of the heart peridcarditis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart) benign vs malignant hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER-benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release communicable disease - CORRECT ANSWER-A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. infectious disease - CORRECT ANSWER-A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. myocardial infarction causes damage to - CORRECT ANSWER-arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys. what is expected in right sided heart falure - CORRECT ANSWER-JVD what characterizes hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWER-systolic BP 180 types of anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production) - Iron Deficiency - Folic Acid Deficiency - Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious - Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced) - Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs) Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - CORRECT ANSWER-bone marrow