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Summary Brain Damage
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Neuronal degeneration and blunt force trauma injuries discussed in relation to symptoms and case studies
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Anatomy of the Nervous System
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Chapter 10 – brain damage and neuroplasticityCauses of brain damage
Brain tumours Cerebrovascular disorders: Stroke Closed head injuries
Neoplasm (new growth) that grows Aphasia, paralysis, and comas are common. They do not directly affect the
independently compared to the rest Dead tissue made by a stroke is called an skull, but still cause harsh trauma.
of the body. infarct. Surrounding this dead tissue is any Contusions damage the cerebral
dysfunctional area called the penumbra. After a circulatory system. Can cause
stroke, the infarct is gone, but the penumbra hematomas, which are bruises.
may be revived. These bruises happen because
the brain slams into the skull
after injury. Can cause subdural
space damage (space between
dura and arachnoid.
Subarachnoid is between pia and
arachnoid). Striking the brain
from one side causes damage in
the other (contrecoup injury).
20% are meningiomas (grow between Haemorrhagic stroke: bursting blood vessel Concussions: no structural
the dura, pia, and arachnoid causes a bleed. Aneurysms cause arterial damage but reported disturbance
meninges). They are encapsulated dilation to the point of dysfunction. These to consciousness. Can cause
tumours (grow between the aneurysms can cause haemorrhagic strokes. damage accumulation over time.
meninges). They are often benign, Affects concentration, memory,
removable with surgery. Neuromas and balance issues (disruption to
are encapsulated tumours that grow vestibular system).
on the cranial nerves.
Malignant tumours are hard to Cerebral ischaemia: Disruption to blood supply Chronic traumatic
destroy or remove and continue to to the brain. Thrombosis, embolism, encephalopathy: dementia and
spread after removal. Most are arteriosclerosis. T is when blood clots, oils, air cerebral scarring reported in
infiltrating, meaning they penetrate bubbles, or tumour cells coagulate to block rugby players. In harsh cases, it
through the tissue. Gliomas are blood flow. E is when blood suddenly overflows can cause degenerative brain
rapidly moving and develop to a smaller vessel from a large one, clogging it. disease. Changes in mood are
commonly. ASC is when the vessels thicken and the evident, as well as memory
channels narrow, causing fatty deposits which impairments which can affect
blocks of blood flow. Hippocampal neurons are occupational functioning.
affected horrible, and it takes a while to have an
ischaemic stroke.
10% are not from the brain. When it comes to ISs, glutamate is released in Neurofibrillary tangles are
Metastatic tumours move from abundance by neurons, in response to blood associated with chronic traumatic
another part of the body and spread deprivation. Glutamate receptors overexcite. encephalopathy. They are
to the brain. Most brain tumours NDMA receptors are involved. This excitation aggregated hyperphosphorylated
start as lung tumours. causes the ionotropic receptors to release CA+ tau proteins associated with
and NA+ in abundance. The post synaptic Alzheimer’s disease.
neurons die due to overactivity and
neurotoxicity. Antagonists to this receptor can
prevent neurodegeneration, but administration
of such treatment must be instantaneous.
Tissue plasminogen activators can reduce blood
clot size.
, Infections of the brain Neurotoxins Genetic factors
Inflammation of the brain is referred Over abundance of elements, like Down syndrome occurs in 0.15% of
to as encephalitis. Brain infections mercury, can lead to toxic psychosis births. Extra chromosome disorder.
can be bacterial or viral. induced by neurotoxicity. Characteristic impairment, facial
disfigurement, intellectual
impairment, troublesome medical
complications. The older the
parents, the higher the chance of
passing on DS.
Bacterial infections: Cerebral Tardive dyskinesia developed after Extra chromosome 21 produced in
abscesses are formed when an prolonged antipsychotic use in the the zygote.
infection enters the folds of the brain. 1950s. It involves involuntary facial
They are pockets of pus. Meningitis is movements, including cheek puffing,
the infection of the meninges, and it lip smacking, and tongue curling.
is fatal in 30% of adult cases.
Antibiotics can cure the infection but
cannot reverse any brain damage.
Syphilis can enter the brain too.
Dementia from dormant to violent
syphilis is called general paresis.
Viral infections: Rabies attacks the Endogenous neurotoxins are
nervous system. Fits of rage caused produced in the body. People with
by the virus can cause higher allergies overproduce histamine,
permeability from a bite in the host and some people produce excess
(angry dog = stronger bite). Once dopamine, which can cause
symptoms are onset, it is deadly, but schizophrenia.
if you have been bitten, a vaccine can
protect against rabies. MMR attacks
the nervous system but does not get
worse over time.
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis: Eliminates extra, unneeded neurons. All the 6 causes mentioned cause cell damage. This
cell death comes from programmed cell destructions after they were deemed unnecessary. This
death is active, not passive (necrosis). Necrosis can cause damage in proximal neurons and apoptosis
does not cause inflammation due to shrinking nearer neurons. The neurons cells body shrinks, then
any debris left over from death gets packed into vesicles, which prevent leaking neurons.
Neurological diseases:
Epilepsy:
- Associated with seizures. 3.8 of the population has the disorder.
- Involves convulsions, which is muscle seizures. They are either tremors (clonus) or rigid body
movement (tonus). Not all seizures are visible.
- Over 100 faulty genes linked to epilepsy.
- Faults in inhibition systems (GABAergic synapses). Causes neurons in other areas to fire in
bursts of unpredictable activity.
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