AQA- A- Level Psychology: Research Methods Already Passed!!

Abstract - ANSWER A self-contained, clear and concise summary of the research including the aim, hypothesis, method/procedure, results and conclusions. Explain the the difference between an aim and a hypothesis. - ANSWER An aim is a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate. The aim is the purpose of the study, while the hypothesis is a clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated and is stated at the outset of any study. State one occasion where a psychologist may choose to use a directional hypothesis. - ANSWER When the findings of previous research suggest a particular outcome. State two occasions where a psychologist may choose to use a directional hypothesis. - ANSWER Where there's no previous research, or the findings from earlier studies are contradictory. Explain the difference between an extraneous variable and a confounding variable. - ANSWER Demand characteristics are any cues from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the study's purpose and may lead to participants altering their behaviour, whereas an extraneous variable is any variable other than the IV that may affect the DV if uncontrolled. What are the strengths of a lab experiment? - ANSWER High control over extraneous variables so researcher can ensure that any effect on the DV is likely because of the manipulation of the IV. Therefore, lab studies tend to have high internal validity and are replicable. What are the limitations of lab studies? - ANSWER May lack generalisability and external validity. Lab environment may be artificial and not reflect everyday life. May be subject to demand characteristics and lack mundane realism. What are the strengths of field studies? - ANSWER Higher mundane realism than lab studies as the environment is more natural. May produce behaviour that is more valid and authentic, especially if Ps are unaware that they're being studied. High external validity. What are the limitations of field experiments? - ANSWER Reduced control over extraneous variables due to increased realism so precise replication may not be possible. Ethical issues arise when Ps are unaware that they're being studies. Can't consent and privacy may be invaded. What are the strengths of natural experiments? - ANSWER Provide opportunities for research that may not have otherwise be undertaken for practical or ethical reasons. High external validity as they involve the study of real-life issues as they h