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Summary Themes in World History, ISBN: 9788174505484 History
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History notes for class 12 students
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Class-12 HistoryChapter-1 Bricks,Beads and Bones
Notes:-
The civilisation is dated between c.2600 and 1900 BCE.
You will find certain abbreviation, related to dates, in this book.
BP stands for Before Present.
BCE stands for Before Common Era.
CE stands for the Common Era. The present year is 2015 according to this dating
system.
C. stands for the Latin word circa & means “approximate”.
Subsistence Strategies
Grains found at Harappan sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea and
sesame. Millets are found from sites in Gujarat.
Agricultural Technologies
Moreover, terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in
cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana). Archaeologists have also found
evidence of a ploughed field at kalibangan (Rajasthan).
Traces of canals have been found at the Harappan sites of shortughai in
Afghanistan but not in Punjab or sind.
Besides, water reservoirs found in Dholavira (Gujarat).
Mohenjodaro A Planned Urban Centre
The first site to be discovered was Harappa.
The settlement is divided into two sections, one smaller but higher and
the other much longer but lower. Archaeologists designate these as
the citadel and the Lower Town respectively.
Two sections of settlement:
1. The Citadel
These were constructed on mud brick platforms and were walled,
which meant that it was physically separated from the Lower Town.
These include the warehouse – a massive structure of which the lower
brick portions remain.
The upper portions, probably of wood, was – the Great Bath
It was a large rectangular tank in courtyard surrounded by a corridor
on all four sides.
2. The Lower Town
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