AP Myers Psychology Second Edition Textbook Chapters 1 and 2 Comprehensive Reading Guide
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Course
Psychology
Institution
11th Grade
Book
Myers\' Psychology for Ap*
From a student who wrote the AP Psychology Exam, this is a thorough and comprehensive reading guide covering Chapters 1 and 2 from the AP Myers Psychology Second Edition Textbook. Everything from psychological perspectives to important psychologists to crucial statistical methods has been covered. ...
Class notes AP Psychology Myers' Psychology for AP*
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Reading Guides 2022-2023
Introduction: AP Psychology is a fast paced course that requires a great deal of outside reading
and studying. Most schools have a yearlong course, but we will have to cover the same amount
of material in a very short amount of time. In order to succeed in the course and on the AP test,
please make the necessary time commitment from the beginning. Do not simply skim the
readings looking for the answers or blue vocabulary, make sure you read the whole chapter
actively and take time to understand what you are writing. The Myers textbook is written at a
University level and you may need to reread some passages. However, if you are willing to put
in the necessary effort, you will succeed (yes you will, 98 ¾ percent guaranteed).
Directions: Read units 1 and 2 in your textbook. The following questions/assignments must be
handwritten (I always prefer the old-school methods) unless otherwise specified. Using a
stylist pen on an iPad or similar program would also be acceptable. Please answer in complete
sentences. You should be putting the information from the book in your own words and
attempting to create examples as well! Students that wrote out their notes consistently scored
higher (almost 20%) on unit tests and of those who wrote the AP exam, only 1 did not score a 3
or higher last year out of 20 writers. The choice is yours.
Collection of Notes: Due to the unique circumstances surrounding Covid-19, Note collection will
be offered for only some units for marking and feedback. At this point, the onus will be on the
student to complete the guides for their own benefit. It will be very telling after the first unit test
about those who have completed and those who have not completed their reading guides.
Unit I: Psychology’s History and Approaches
Module 1: Psychology’s History (pgs. 1-8)
1. Identify and explain the significance of the following psychologists or schools in the
development of psychology. CAN ONLY HAVE 3-4 SENTENCES FOR EACH ONE!
Pull out what is most important.
• Wilhelm Wundt
Wihelm Wundt was a professor at the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig,
Germany. He sought to measure the fastest and simplest mental processes, or the “atoms of the
mind”.
• G. Stanley Hall
G. Stanley Hall was Wundt’s student. When he graduated, he established the first formal
American psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University.
• Edward Titchener
Edward Titchener introduced structuralism when he taught in Cornell University. His method
was to use introspection to understand the structure of the human mind.
, • Structuralism
● Structuralism was an early school of thought where the aim was to learn about the basic
elements of the mind. This was done through introspection where people would report
elements of their experience as they saw, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted various
objects. It was significant because it started to make psychology a more experimental
science instead of a behavioural one.
• William James
● William James focused on the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings through the
lens of adaptivity for survival. He was a functionalist and was influenced by Charles
Darwin’s thoughts about evolution.
• Charles Darwin (you may have to use pg. 10)
● Charles Darwin’s focus was on evolution. He introduced the process of natural selection,
which is the principle that among all the inherited traits of humans, only the ones that
contribute to survival will be passed on to the next generations to ensure survival.
• Functionalism
● Functionalism is an early school of thought furthered by Edward Titchener and William
Wundt. The goal of functionalism was to learn about how mental and behavioural
processes function to prioritize the survival of the organism.
• Mary Whiton Calkins
● Mary Whiton Calkins was a memory researcher and the APA’s first female president in
1905. She was mentored by William James and was denied a Ph.D. from Harvard even
though she finished all the requirements and outscored all the male students.
• Margaret Floy Washburn
● Margaret Floy Washburn wrote the book The Animal Mind and became the second
female APA president in 1921. She was prevented from joining the organization of
experimental psychologists because she was female, even though she was published in
Wundt’s journal.
• Sigmund Freud
● Sigmund Freud led Freudian psychology, which focused on how our unconscious
thoughts and our emotions responses to childhood experiences affect our behaviour. He
also had theories on personality amd sexual conflicts which are higly controversial.
• John B. Watson (you may have to use pgs. 271-272)
● John B. Watson suggested that human emotions and behaviours are mainly a bundle of
conditioned responses with biological influence. He believed that no matter the race,
talents, tendencies, or abilities of a person, with proper training and conditioning, they
could become anything - a doctor and a lawyer or a beggar and a thief.
• B.F. Skinner (you may have to use pgs. 275-276)
, ● B.F. Skinner was a behaviourist. He developed an operant chamber (popularly known as
a Skinner box) which was a technology that revealed principles of behaviour control, and
revealed the precise conditions that encourage long-lasting learning.
• Behaviourists
● Behaviourists were people who believed psychology should be an objective science that
studies behaviour without any reference to mental processes. B.F. Skinner and John B.
Watson were influential figures in this school of psychology. Modern psychologists agree
that psychology should be an objective science but also believe that mental processes are
influential.
• Freudian Psychology
● Freudian psychology focuses on the thought processes of the unconscious as well as
emotional reactions to childhood experiences and how they relate to behaviour. It was led
by Sigmund Freud and includes theories on the meanings of dreams and psychosexual
development.
• Psychodynamic Approach
● Psychodynamic psychology focuses on how unconscious drives and conflicts influence
behaviour, and this information is used to treat psychological disorders. Sigmund Freud
was a very influential figure in this branch of psychology.
• Humanistic Psychologists
● Humanistic psychologists focus on the growth potential of healthy humans. They
emphasize how the environment can nurture (or limit) our growth and brought to light the
importance of having our needs for love and acceptance met.
• Carl Rogers
● Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist. Instead of focusing on conditioned responses
like behaviourists, he focused on how the environment impacts our growth potential.
• Abraham Maslow
● Abraham Maslow, like Carl Rogers, was a humanistic psychologist. He also found
Freudian psychology and behaviourism limiting and decided to focus on our needs for
love and acceptance instead of the unconscious and behaviour.
• Cognitive Psychology
● Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of all the mental activities related to
communication, thoughts, knowledge, and memory. Cognitive psychologists are the ones
who focus on this sub field.
2. Define the following terms with examples where possible:
• Empiricism
● Empiricism is the idea that knowledge comes purely from experience and science should
rely solely on observation and experimentation
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