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Glycolysis
Inglycolysis 6Cglucose is splitby a series often reactions in two molecules of the 3 carbon compound
pyruvate
It takes place in the cytoplasmof the cell Theglucose from glycolisis
may comedirectly from the bio
or it
may be producedby the breakdown of glycogen stores in muscle and liver cells
ATP used to provide the energy to phosphorylate the Gcsugarglucose adding two phosphategrou
is
Phosphorylation makes the sugar more reactive and also makes it unable to pass through the
cell membrane so it becomes trapped
Phosphorylatedsugar is split to give two molecules o a 3 carbon compound known as glycerat
3 phosphate CP
GP is converted into a molecule oe pyruvic acid A small amount of ATP is produced
Two hydrogen atoms are removed from the 3C sugars and taken up by NAD
reduced NAD then passes through the outer mitochondrial membrane into
the electron transportchain
A small amount of ATP is also made from the energy transfer when the
3C sugar is converted to pyruvate
le there is plenty oe or the
pyruvate will enter the mitochondria and be
Used in the aerobic reactions of the Krebs cycle IE Or levels are low it may
be converted into ethanol in plants or lactate in mammals
Anaerobic respirationin mammals
le muscles can t
get enough 02 the products of glycolisis will not enter
the Krebs s cycle instead pyruvate from glycolisis is converted into lactic
acid another 3C compound that dissassociates to form lactate and hydrogel
ions
only two molecules of Atp are produced per molecule of glucoserespired
Up to 8 ATP molecules are produced in glycolisis when pyruvate can feed on
into the Krebs cycle
The movement of lactate and hydrogen ions into the blood from the muscles lowers the pt of t
blood which in turn affects the central nervous system
Reduced nervous stimulation from the CNS reduces and eventually stops muscle
contraction
It isthought to be an adaptation to give the muscles time to recover
Lactate which is toxic must be oxidised back to pyruvate te enter the Krebs cycle to be
respired aerobically It takes oxygen to oxidise the accumulated lactate
glucose lactic acid ATP
CeH zoo 2034603 ATP
Anaerobic respiration and fungi
Yeast produces Cor and ethanol as waste products
in anaerobic respiration
Extracto yeastcontaining no cells could still convert
glucose to ethanol This showed that the enzyme
OE
glycolisis are not associated closely with the ce
structure
glucose ethanol carbon dioxide
t
HATP
GH 06 Cats OH t CO2 TATA
,
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