PATHOI370IMIDTERMIEXAM (Answered) 2023
• Question I1
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Gas I exchange I occurs I in I which I of I the I respiratory I system's I structures? Selected
Answer: Trache
Ia
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response
IFeedback
:
The Ialveoli Iallow Iair Ito IcomeIin Iindirec...
pathoi370imidtermiexam answered 2023 • question i1 0ioutiofi0ipoints gas i exchange i occurs i in i which i of i the i respiratory i systems i structures selected answer trache ia correct an
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PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM (Answered)
I I I
2023
• Question I 1
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Gas I exchange I occurs I in I which I of I the I respiratory I system's I structures?
Selected
Answer: Trache
Ia
Correct
Answer: Alveoli
Response
The Ialveoli Iallow Iair Ito Icome Iin Iindirect Icontact
IFeedback
Iwith Ithe bI loodstream I through I the I pulmonary I
:
capillary I system. This Ialveolar Imembrane, Iwhich Iis
Ione Icell I thick, I allows Icarbon Idioxide Ito Idiffuse Iinto
I the I alveoli Ifrom Ithe Ibloodstream I and I oxygen I to
I diffuse I to I the I bloodstream I from I the I alveoli. I Sinuses
I are I hollow I spaces I found I in Ithe Iskull. I The I trachea I is I a
I structure I that Iallows Ipassage Iof Igases I to I and I from
I the I gas I exchange I units I (alveoli).
Bronchi I are I branches I of I the I conducting I airways I that
I allow I passage I of I gases I to I and I from I the I gas I
exchange Iunits I(alveoli).
• Question I 2
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A Ipatient Iwith Iheart Ifailure Ireports Iawakening Iintermittently Iwith
I shortness I of I breath. I Which I terms I appropriately I describes I this
Response
Paroxysmal Inocturnal Idyspnea Irefers Ito Iintermittent
IFeedback
I attacks Iof I severe I dyspnea Ithat I occur I during I the I night.
:
I Dyspnea I is I a Igeneral I term Ireferring Ito Idifficulty
I breathing. I Cyanosis I is I the I appearance I of I a I blue I or
I purpleIcoloration
I of I the I skin I or I mucous I membranes I due Ito I the
, tissues Inear Ithe Iskin Isurface Ibeing Ilow Ion Ioxygen.
I Bradypnea Idescribes Iabnormal Islowness Iof Ibreathing.
• Question I 3
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
What I factor I causes I a I congenital I heart I disease I to I produce I cyanosis?
Selected
Answer: Left-to-right Ishunting
Iof blood
Correct
Answer: Right-to-left Ishunting
Iof blood
Response
Disorders Ithat Iresult Iin Iright-to-left Ishunting Icause
IFeedback
Icyanosis. IA I left-to-right I shunt Ioccurs I when I oxygenated
:
Iblood I from Ithe Ileft I side Iof Ithe I heart Ior Iaorta I flows Iback
Iinto Ithe Iright I side I to Ibe I recirculated I through Ithe Ilungs.
IThe Iblood I reaching Ithe I Isystemic I I circulation I Iis
Ioxygenated I and I the I infant Iis Inot I cyanotic I (acyanotic
Idefect). I However, Ithe Iright Iside Iof I the I heart I has Ian
Iincreased Iworkload I because
I of I the I extra I shunt I blood. I In Itime, Ithe Ioverload Iof Ithe
Iright I side I of I the I heart I can IresultiI n I right I ventricular
I hypertrophy I and I high I right-sided I heartIpressures. I Large
Iventricular Iseptal Idefects I may Ibe Iapparent I at I birth
Ibecause Iof Irapidly I developing I right- Isided I heart Ifailure
Iand Ia Iloud I systolic Imurmur. IThe Imajority Iof I atrial I septal
Idefects Ioccur I at I the I location Iof Ithe I foramen I ovale. I The
I abnormal I septal
I opening I may I be Iof Ivariable Isize. ISmall Idefects I (1 Icm)
Iare Iwell Itolerated.
Even Ilarger Iatrial Iseptal Idefects Imay Ibe Iasymptomatic
Ifor Imany Iyears Ias Ilong Ias Ithe Ishunt Iflow Iis Ileft Ito
Iright aI nd Itherefore Iacyanotic.
• Question I 4
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
A Ipatient Ieducation Iintervention Ithat Iwill Ihelp Idecrease Ithe
I emergence Iof I resistant Iinfections Iis I to Iinstruct I the I patient I to
Selected
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling
Iwell IafterIa Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant
Ibacteria
,Correct
Answer: Take Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered Ieven Iif Ifeeling
Iwell IafterIa Ifew Idays Ito Iprevent Iantibiotic Idefiant
Ibacteria
Response
The Ipatient Ishould Itake Iall Ithe Iantibiotics Iordered, Ieven
IFeedbac
Iif Ifeeling I better, Ito I eradicate Ithe Imoderately Iresistant
k
I microorganisms. I Viruses I I are I not I I impacted Iby
:
I antibacterial Imedications. I Sharing Iantibiotics I indicates
I that Ithe Ifull I course Iof Ithe Imedication Iisn’t I being I taken,
I and Iso I contributing Ito Ithe I development Iof Iresistant
I microorganisms. I If I medication I is I stopped I prematurely,
I moderately I resistant Iorganisms I are I selected I for I and
I become Ithe I predominant I species, I making Iit Imore
I difficult tI o Ieradicate Inext Itime.
• Question I 5
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Cellular Ihypoxia I results Iin
Selected
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Correct
Answer: Failure I of I the I sodium-potassium
pump
Response
Hypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof Ioxygen Ito Ithe Icell Ithat Icauses IATP
IFeedback
I activity Ito I cease. IATP Iprovides Ithe Ipower I required Ito
:
I drive Ithe I sodium-potassium I pump. IpH Idecreases Iin
I hypoxia
I(respiratory Iacidosis). IHypoxia Iis Ia Iloss Iof IoxygenIto I the
I cell Ithat I causes IATP I activity I to Icease. IDeposits I of
I calcium Isalts Ioccur I in I conditions Iof Ialtered I calcium
I intake, Iexcretion, Ior Imetabolism.
• Question I 6
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
What I is I the I underlying I problem I common I among I all I types I of I shock?
Selected
Answer: Generalized I vasodilation
Correct
Answer: Inadequate Icellular
, oxygenation
Response Although I each I type I of I shock I has I specific I characteristics,
IFeedback I all Iare Iassociated I with I a Ideficiency Iof Icellular I oxygen
: I consumption. I Inadequate I cellular I oxygenation I may I
result Ifrom Idecreased Icardiac Ioutput, Imaldistribution Iof
I blood Iflow, Ior I reduced I blood Ioxygen I content. IThe
I impaired Ioxygen I utilization I by Icells Imay Ilead Ito I cell
I death, Iorgan I dysfunction, I and Istimulation Iof
I inflammatory I reactions.
Cardiac I failure I can Ibe Ian I outcome, Ibut Iis I not I a
I common Icause Iin I all I types I of I shock. I Vasodilation
I occurs I in Ionly Iselective Iforms Iof I shock. I Faulty
I compensatory Imechanisms I may I contribute I to I the
I seriousness I of I all Ishocks Ibut I that Iis I not I the Icause Iof
I all I forms Iof Ishock.
• Question I 7
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
What Iis Ithe Iname Ifor Ithe ImRNA Isequences Ithat Icontain Ionly ItheIwante
d Isegments?
Selected
Answer: Pre-
ImRNA
Correct
Answer: Exon
Response
An Iexon Iis Ithe ImRNA Isequence Ithat Icontains Ionly
IFeedback
I the Iwanted Isegments. I Introns Iare I the I unwanted
:
I areas I that Iare I removed I in I the Inucleus I by I a Icomplex
I splicing I process, Ithus Ileaving Iexons. IPre-
mRNA Iis Ithe Ioriginal IRNA Itranscript Ibefore I removal Iof
I bases I that Iare I unnecessary. I Spliceosomes I are Ithe
I areas Iof Ithe I nucleus Ithat Iare I a
I specialized IRNA Iprotein Icomplex Ithat Iremoves Iintrons.
• Question I 8
0IoutIofI0Ipoints
Thrombosis Iin Ithe I microcirculation Ithroughout Ithe I body Iis I called
Selected
Answer: Disseminated Iintravascular
coagulation I (DIC)
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