BIOL 180 Midterm 1 Review QUIZ Test with
complete Q & A 2023 GRADED A+
Aristotles central claims: correct answers (1) species are fixed types, and (2) some species are higher.
Aristotle and others proposed that species were organized into a sequence based on increased size and
complexity, with humans at the top
Lamarck's Theory of Evolution correct answers That species are not static but change through time.
Progressive in the sense of always producing larger and more complex, or "better," species.
The Great Chain of Being correct answers Aristotle and others proposed that species were organized
into a sequence based on increased size and complexity, with humans at the top. (Picture on page 445)
Population correct answers A population consists of individuals of the same species that are living in the
same area at the same time.
Population Thinking correct answers Darwin claimed that instead of being unimportant or an illusion,
variation among individuals in a population was the key to understanding the nature of species.
Biologists refer to this view as population thinking.
Why was Darwin and Wallace's Theory of Evolution by natural selection revolutionary? correct answers
1. It overturned the idea that species are static and unchanging.
2. It replaced typological thinking with population thinking.
3. It was scientific. It proposed a mechanism that could account for change through time and made
predictions that could be tested through observation and experimentation.
Theory of evolution by natural selection: correct answers 1. Species change through time.
2. Species are related by common ancestry.
The theory of evolution by natural selection predicts that homologies will occur. If species were created
independently of one another, as special creation claims, these types of similarities would not occur.
IS A TESTABLE THEORY!
Special Creation correct answers Species just were created from nothing. Religion based theory.
Darwin's opinion of extinction: correct answers Darwin, in contrast, interpreted extinct forms as
evidence that species are not static, immutable entities, unchanged since the moment of special cre-
ation. His reasoning was that if species have gone extinct, then the array of species living on Earth has
changed through time.
[[Recent analyses of the fossil record suggest that over 99 per- cent of all the species that have ever
lived are now extinct. ]]
Vestigial Traits correct answers Vestigial Traits Are Evidence of Change through Time
A reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function, or reduced function, but is clearly
similar to functioning organs or structures in closely related species.
Example1: Some whales and snakes have tiny hip and leg bones that do not help them swim or slither.
Example2: Ostriches and kiwis have reduced wings and cannot fly.
, Homology correct answers A similarity that exists in species because they inherited the trait from a
common ancestor. Human hair and dog fur are homologous. Humans have hair and dogs have hair (fur)
because they share a common ancestor—an early mammal species—that had hair.
3 types.
Homology TYPE 1: Genetic Homology correct answers Occurs in DNA nucleotide sequences, RNA
nucleotide sequences, or amino acid sequences. For example, the eyeless gene in fruit flies and the
Aniridia gene in humans are so similar that their protein products are 90 percent identical in amino acid
sequence. Both genes act in determining where eyes will develop.
Homology TYPE 2: Developmental Homology correct answers is recognized in embryos.
EX:For ex- ample, early chick, human, and cat embryos have tails andstructures called gill pouches
(FIGURE 25.8). Later, gill pouches are lost in all three species and tails are lost in humans. But in fish, the
embryonic gill pouches stay intact and give rise to functioning gills in adults. To explain this observation,
biolo- gists hypothesize that gill pouches and tails exist in chicks, humans, and cats because they existed
in the fishlike species that was the common ancestor of today's vertebrates.
Homology TYPE 3: Structural Homology correct answers is a similarity in adult morphology, or form. A
classic example is the common structural plan ob- served in the limbs of vertebrates (FIGURE 25.9). In
Darwin's own words, "What could be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping,
that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat,
should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative
posi- tions?" An engineer would never use the same underlying structure to design a grasping tool, a
digging implement, a walking device, a propeller, and a wing. Instead, the struc- tural homology exists
because mammals evolved from the lungfish-like ancestor in Figure 25.4, which had the same general
arrangement of bones in its fins.
Darwin's Artificial Selection correct answers Darwin crossbred pigeons and observed how characteris-
tics were passed on to offspring. He could choose certain in- dividuals with desirable traits to reproduce,
thus manipulating the composition of the population by a process called artificial selection.
Darwin's Four Postulates correct answers Variation - There is a lot of variety within a species
Inheritance - Offspring look like their parents
Differential Survival - External conditions can affect survival
Extinction - Some traits are not suited to survival and those with them will die out.
Adaptation correct answers In biology, an adaptation is a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an
individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait. Adaptations increase
fitness—the ability to produce viable, fertile offspring.
Acclimatization or Acclimation (when studied on in a laboratory) correct answers a change in an
individual's pheno- type that occurs in response to a change in natural environmental conditions.
Fitness-trade off correct answers In nature, selection occurs in the context of fitness trade-offs. A fitness
trade-off is a compromise between traits, in terms of how those traits perform in the environment.
During the drought in the Galápagos, for example, medium ground finches with large bodies had an
advantage because they were able to chase off smaller birds from the few remaining sources of seeds.
