SYG 2000 Final Exam Review Questions & Answers 100% Accurate!!

Sociological Imagination - C. Wright Mills - ANSWERSThe ability to see the connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history. This is what we do when we question our textbook and college in general. Verstehen - Max Weber - ANSWERS"understanding" in German. Suggests that sociologists approach social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in it. Double Consciousness -W.E.B. Du Bois - ANSWERSA mechanism by which African Americans have two behavioral scripts. The first is the script that any American would have by moving through the world. The second is the script that takes the external opinions of an often racially prejudiced onlooker into consideration. Conflict Theory - Karl Marx - ANSWERSMarx's theory that conflicts between classes drives social change throughout history. In Marx's version of history, each economic system// had its own fault lines of conflict. Basically says that conflict among competing interests is the basic, animating force of any society. Feminist Theory - ANSWERSa conflict theory and theoretical perspective which observes gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within a social structure at large. Focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic status, and nationality. Symbolic Interaction Theory - ANSWERSEschewed big theories of society and instead focused on how face-to-face interactions create the social world. Post-modernism Theory - ANSWERSa condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations. Qualitative methods - ANSWERSattempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. Quantitative methods - ANSWERSseek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form. Deductive approach - ANSWERSstarts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. Inductive approach - ANSWERSstarts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory. Causality vs. Correlation - ANSWERSCausality means that a change in one factor causes a change in another. Correlation, however, just means that we observe a change in both. The Challenges of Establishing Causality - ANSWERSTime order is important or reverse causality can occur in which you would think that A results in change in B, but really B is causing a change in A. Dependent Variables - ANSWERSThe outcome that the researcher is trying to explain. Independent Variables - ANSWERSA measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable. Hypothesis - ANSWERSA proposed relationship between two variables. Hypothesis Testing - ANSWERSRelates to operationalization, which is the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study. Really helps us see how to pieces of a puzzle fit together. Culture - ANSWERSA set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs. In addition to beliefs, behaviors (except instinctual ones) and practices; everything but the natural environment around us. Ethnocentrism - ANSWERSThe belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own. Material culture - ANSWERSEverything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology. Nonmaterial culture - ANSWERSValues, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. Ideology - ANSWERSa system of concepts and relationships; an understanding of cause and effect. Cultural relativism - ANSWERSTaking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value. Cultural Scripts - ANSWERSModes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural. Subculture - ANSWERSthe distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society. Hegemony - Antonio Gramsci - ANSWERSA condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses. Political Economy of the Media - Media concentration - ANSWERSMost broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States, are financially supported by advertising, and are therefore likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. As corporate control of the media becomes more and more centralized, the concern is that the range of opinions available will decrease and that corporate censorship will further compromise the already-tarnished integrity of the mainstream media. Consumerism - ANSWERSThe steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved. Culture Jamming - ANSWERSThe act of turning media against themselves. Socialization - ANSWERSThe process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society. Limits of Socialization - ANSWERSWhile we operate within limits that largely are not of our own maki