CSDS 172 final exam 2023 with complete solutions

What is exteroceptors? - Answer- mediate sight, sound, smell, & cutaneous sensations ex. (touch, superfacial pain, temperature, itching, tickling) What are proprioceptors? - Answer- mediate deep somatic sensation from receptors beneath the skin, in muscles & joints & in the inner ear. ex. (pressure, movement, vibration, deep pain, equilibrium) What are interceptors? - Answer- mediate sensation from the viscera as well as visceral pain & pressure or distention. What are pain receptors? - Answer- either from cellular or tissue injury, are known nociceptive receptors What is the pathway for the lateral spinothalamic tract? - Answer- First order - promptly crosses to the other side of the spinal cord Second-neural fibers - ascend to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus What is the pathway for the anterior spinothalamic tract? - Answer- first order - transmit general touch sensations from the receptors in the skin & enter he dorsal lateral spinal cord, Second order - cross the midline in the venteral spinal gray matter 7 turn upward to form the anterior spinothalamic tract, getting closer to the lateral spinothalamic tract What is the dorsal column pathway? - Answer- second order - leave and cross over the over to the other side of the medulla What is the sensory information that the spinocerebellar tract mediates? - Answer- sensation of limb & joint position as well as range & direction of limb movements What is the ventral pathway to t he cerebellum for the spinocerebellar tract? - Answer- crosses in the spinal cord What is the dorsal pathway to the cerebellum for the spinocerebellar tract? - Answer- ascends ipsilaterally, allow proprioceptive impulses from all parts of the body to be integrated in the cerebellum Dorsal columns below the medulla - Answer- the loss in proprioception is on the same side of injury Dorsal columns above the medulla - Answer- is on the contralateral side of the injury if there is damage to those dorsal column fibers What is the first order neuron for cranial nerve V? - Answer- are the cell bodies of the Gasserian ganglion. The axons of the cell bodies terminate in the main sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V What is the second order neuron for cranial nerve V? - Answer- reach the thalamus via the secondary ascending tract of cranial nerve V What is the third order neuron for cranial nerve V? - Answer- are the relay fibers from the thalamus to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum What is the corticospinal tract? - Answer- controls the skilled movements in the distal muscles of the limbs & digits What is the corticobulbar tract? - Answer- controls the cranial nerves, many of which directly innervate the muscles of speech, except respiration What is the corticopontine tract? - Answer- goes to pontine nuclei, which in turn, projects to the cerebellum A hallmark of an upper motor neuron lesion is clasp knife spasticity. Describe this condition, & list any other signs that are representative of an upper motor neuron. - Answer- reaction identifies slapstick hypertonicity, & is analogous to the resistance felt when a knife blade of a clasp knife is first opened, followed by the reduction of resistance when the blade is straightened out, usually occurs more in extension than in flexion of the elbow What is a rest tremor? - Answer- designates a tremor that occurs in Parkinson's disease, a tremor of 3 to 7 movements per second occurs in the patient's limbs & hands at rest, voice may be affected by the tremor What is physiologic or action tremor? - Answer- may affect the laryngeal muscles & produce an organic or essential vocal tremor What is intentional tremor? - Answer- refers to a tremor that occurs during movement & is intensifited at the termination of movement, associated with ataxic dysarthria seen in cerebellar disease, however it is not exclusive to cerebellar dysfunction What is chorea? - Answer- refers to quick, random, hyperkinetic movements stimulating fragments of normal movements, speech, facial, & respiratory movements as well as movements of the extremities are affected by choreic symptoms in the dyskinesia & often described as fidgets What is athetosis? - Answer- is characteristic of slow, irregular What is dystonia? - Answer- limbs assume disorted static postures resulting from excess tone in selected parts of the body What is myoclonus? - Answer- abrupt, brief, almost lightning like contraction of muscles What is ataxia? - Answer- general incoordination of motor acts seen with cerebellar system lesions, staggering or reeling gait & abnormal posture What is decomposition of movement? - Answer- break a complex motor act into its components & execute the act movement by movement, so that overall movement appears as if it were being performed by a robot What is dysmetria? - Answer- inability to gauge the distance, speed, & power of movement, patient may stop before the movement is performed or may overshoot the motor goal What is dysdiadochokinesia? - Answer- inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movements What is rebound? - Answer- inability to check the contraction of the flexors & rapid contract the extensor, lack of smooth diadochokinetic movements What is hypotonia? - Answer- decrease in resistance to passive movements seen in cerebellar dysfunction, muscles of the body are flabby & lack normal tone What is tremor? - Answer- seen as part of cerebellar disease, usually an intention or kinetic tremor not present at rest What is intention tremor? - Answer- refers to a tremor that occurs during movement & is intensified at the termination of the movement What is nystagmus? - Answer- oscillatory abnormalities of the pupil of the eye, & it is often seen in cerebellar disorders (rhythmic oscillations may be vertical, horizontal or rotary What is muscle stretch reflexes? - Answer- are normal or diminished, when the knew jerk reflex is elicited there is often a series of smooth to-&-fro movements of the limb before it comes to rest What is ataxic dysarthria? - Answer- present with some cerebellar lesions, & results from asynergic movement of the speech muscles, stress on syllables in inappropriate & loudness & pitch are deviate, disorted vowels & inaccurate consonant production What is the etiology of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria? - Answer- primary etiology is a unilateral lesion, such as stroke. Tramua & tumors can cause injury, can result from damage to either hemisphere What is the speech characteristics of unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria? - Answer- imprecise articulation, other characteristics include harshness, reduced loudness, & hypernasality, same characteristics pertain as to spastic only less severe What is the etiology spastic dysarthria? - Answer- Bilateral upper motor neuron damage, result form stroke, head, trauma, tumor, infection, degenerative disease, & inflammatory or toxic-metabolic diseases, damage to both direct activiation pathway (corticobullar or corticospinal tract), indirect activation pathway (extrapyramidal pathways) What are the speech characteristics of spastic dysarthria? - Answer- harsh, strain-&-strangle speech, with a slow speaking rate, low pitch (reduced range), & impressively articulated consonants, hyper