Unit 7 Progress Check MCQ Answers Keys

Unit 7 progress check MCQ Which of the following correctly explains the evidence (as well as the person responsible for the discovery) that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion? A. hans seyle conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions B. hans seyle conducted a study comparing the cortisol blood sugar levels in rats before and during a stressful situation C. hans seyle conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions D. richard lazarus conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions E. richard lazarus conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions The best ethos to understand the causal effect of a reward on an intrinsically motivated behavior is to A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away B. conduct a case study in which one individual is interviewed extensively about his or her intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards C. conduct a cross-sectional study in which a large sample of individuals are interviewed extensively about their intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards D. conduct an experiment where a random sample of the participants are given a reward for a given behavior and measure whether the behavior increases E. conduct a correlational study where the relationship between participants' self-reported intrinsic motivation for a behavior is correlated with the rewards they receive for that behavior Dr. Dameron wants to test whether the Yerkes-Dodson law holds true for the players on a college basketball team. Dr. Dameron will manipulate arousal in the players by giving them different doses of caffeine. Which method would best allow Dr. Dameron to test the causal effects of arousal on performance in the players, and what results should he expect to find? A. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the high-dose group is predicted to be best. B. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the low dose is predicted to be best. C. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the high dose is predicted to be best. D. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the medium-dose group is predicted to be best. E. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the medium dose is predicted to be best. Emotions are controlled primarily by the A. limbic system B. endocrine system C. occipital lobe D. hindbrain E. corpus callosum According to the drive reduction theory of motivation, drives arise because of physiological imbalances in A. the gonads B. the chochleae C. the parathyroid glands D. homeostasis E. the synapses The neurotransmitter dopamin is most closely associated with A. alertness B. obsession and compulsion C. irritability D. reward seeking behavior E. appetite Before starting her day working at a day care center, Merideth takes a few moments to smile at herself in the mirror. No matter how she is feeling before she comes in, she finds that smiling helps her feel happier before beginning her day. Merideth's experience is evidence for A. general adaptation theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. unconditional positive regard D. the facial feedback hypothesis E. desirability bias Monica is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Monica runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Monica becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice? A. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. B. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. C. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. D. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. E. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors. Russ went for a run, and Nelly took a nap. They then watched a horror movie together. Usually Russ and Nelly are about equally scared when they watch horror movies. In this situation, Schachter's two factor theory of emotion predicts that A. Nelly will be more scared of the movie because she is well rested from the nap B. Nelly will find the movie funny because she is well rested from the nap C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run D. Russ will find the movie funny because he is aroused from the run E. Russ and Nelly will be equally scared of the movie Chronic stress is most likely to lead to A. increased cognitive function B. increased tolerance for stressful situations C. decreased functioning of the immune system D. decreased functioning of the immune system E. decreased production of cortisol According to Kurt Lewin's motivational conflict theory, approach avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has A. only neutral aspects B. only a strong negative aspect C. only a mildly negative aspect D. only a stron positive aspect E. both positive and negative aspects Stress can most likely contribute to heart disease because A. heart medication is very expensive, so having heart disease increases stress B. stress blocks stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, so blood pressure goas up C. too much stress has an effect on inherited risk factors D. the fight or flight reaction stops food digestion, so people gain weight E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder Personality tests that use forced choice questions are beneficial in identifying personality traits because they A. minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements B. allow the psychologist to account for how the paticipant acts in a variety of different situations C. can test more personality facets than can other personality inentories D. allow test takers to give intermediate responses E. are subjective in nature, which allows a psychologist to draw more accurate conclusions from the data To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use? A. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; case studies B. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; personality inventories C. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies D. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; personality inventories E. Many individuals are plagued by inferiority complexes that can develop into psychological issues; case studies If a personality survey with high internal consistency includes two different questions related to the personality dimension of agreeableness, then which of the following is true? A. It is impossible to predict how people will answer the second question based on how they answered the first question. B. If people give an extreme answer to the first question, they will tend to give the opposite extreme answer to the second question. C. People will tend to give dissimilar answers to both questions. D. People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. E. If people give a moderate answer to the first question, they will tend to give an extreme answer to the second question. Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns? A. Rolf's need to overcome his feelings of isolation in the world B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing C. Rolf's need to achieve self-actualization D. Rolf's neurotic personality E. Rolf's desire to prove to himself that he is capable of skiing down the steeper slopes, and his certainty that he has observed sufficient skilled skiers to emulate them When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety? A. His anxiety is likely genetic and not related to the accident at all. B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. C. He has learned to be anxious regarding cars over time because he has witnessed his father being anxious. D. His anxiety was extinguished over time by not being reinforced by additional car accidents, but he is now experiencing spontaneous recovery of the anxiety. E. Anxiety most often begins to develop after the age of twenty-six. Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that A. Giraldo feels he cannot really be himself at work, and this lack of self-actualization causes his unhappiness B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness C. Giraldo feels he has no choice about his work duties, and this external locus of control leads to his unhappiness D. Giraldo thinks he is terrible at his job and everyone will soon find out, and this lack of self-efficacy leads to his unhappiness E. Giraldo is generally not a very friendly or happy person, and this trait of low agreeableness causes his unhappiness Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development B. subconscious desires to differentiate themselves from each other C.their substantial differences in genetic makeup D. the fact that genetic factors influence personality only in childhood E. the attachment style they developed during childhood Diane is very disciplined and usually completes the goals she sets for herself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Diane's behavior? A. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set. B. A trait theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences. C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. D. A trait theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious. E. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set. Arun's coworkers regularly describe him as being very agreeable. According to the behavioral perspective of personality, Arun's agreeableness most likely comes from A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child B. witnessing agreeable behavior and wishing to mimic that behavior C. a character trait that he inherited from his family D. having a secure attachment with his parents E. the superego successfully controlling the impulses of the id Domy was raised in a collectivistic culture, while Naureen was raised in an individualistic culture. Based on their upbringings, it is most safe to conclude that compared to Naureen, Domy is more likely to A. keep a journal in which she highlights the ways that she is special and unique B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family C. tell her boss that a coworker did not contribute to a project so that she could get full credit for the work D. speak up at a meeting to make sure her ideas are heard E. try to run faster on the treadmill at the gym than the person on the treadmill next to her Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality? A. Humanist B. Psychodynamic C. Behaviorist D. Biological E. Trait A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following? A. The underlying and consistent behavioral traits that differ across individuals B. Differences in rewards and punishments as the source of behavioral differences C. Unconscious motives guiding people's behavior D. The pursuit of self-actualization E. The influence of the beliefs about the self on behavior Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him A. low in agreeableness B. high in extroversion C. low in neuroticism D. high in agreeableness E. low in extroversion Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness? A. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness B. Low on extraversion; low on neuroticism; low on agreeableness C. High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness D. High on extraversion; low on neuroticism; high on agreeableness E. Low on extraversion; high on neuroticism; low on agreeableness Which of the following scenarios most directly refutes trait theories of psychology? A. Benjamin takes a personality inventory and feels that it describes him very well. B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. C. Cristobal is habitually easily frustrated when he does not get his way. D. Assaf keeps his house very organized. E. Franklin gets along with just about everyone he meets and makes friends wherever he goes. Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the A. Draw-A-Person test (DAP) B. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®—Fourth Edition (WAIS®-IV) E. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice? A. The Rorschach test B. The Stanford-Binet test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) D. The HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO PI - R) E. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner? A. The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire® (16PF®) B. The NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) C. The Freudian Personality Type Test D. The Thematic Apperception Test E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured