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Fundamental Molecular Biology 2e Lizabeth Allison (Test Bank) Fundamental Molecular Biology 2e Lizabeth Allison (Test Bank)

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  • June 9, 2023
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Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition Test Bank Lizabeth
A. Allison


Chapter 1 The Beginnings of Molecular Biology


Multiple Choice

1) In 1869 Friedrich Miescher isolated a substance called “nuclein” from pus from soiled
bandages that was a(n)
A. acidic, phosphorus-rich substance
B. basic, phosphorus-rich substance
C. amino acid-rich substance
D. phospholipid-rich substance
Answer: A

2) The basic principles of genetics attributed to Gregor Johann Mendel are:
A. the laws of segregation and independent assortment
B. the Punnett square
C. the concept of dominant and recessive traits
D. A and C
E. A, B, and C
Answer: D

3) The Augustinian monk, Gregor Johann Mendel, crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded
pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The
results were as follows: 6018 yellow and 2002 green (8020 total). The allele for green seeds
has what relationship to the allele for yellow seeds?
A. semidominant
B. incompletely dominant
C. recessive
D. dominant
Answer: C

4) Why is the allele for wrinkled seed shape in garden peas considered recessive?
A. The wrinkled allele is a rare mutant that is less common than the dominant allele.
B. The trait associated with the allele is not expressed in heterozygotes.
C. Individuals with the allele have overall lower fitness than that of individuals with the
dominant allele.
D. The wrinkled allele “recedes” in the F2 generation when homozygous parents are
crossed.
Answer: B

,5) In 1928 Frederick Griffith discovered that Streptococcus pneumonia caused pneumonia in
mice. In his experiments, mice were injected with different strains of treated and untreated
bacteria. Which of the following is not likely to have occurred in the series of experiments by
Griffith?
A. Mice injected with living S (pathogenic) strain die.
B. Mice injected with living R (nonpathogenic) strain live.
C. Mice injected with living R plus heat-killed S die.
D. Mice injected with living S plus heat-killed R live.
Answer: D

6) In 1928, Frederick Griffith injected living S (smooth) Streptococcus pneumonia into mice,
and the mice died. When he injected living R (rough) Streptococcus pneumonia into mice,
the mice lived. When he injected heat-killed S bacteria into mice, the mice lived. What was
the result when he mixed heat-killed S bacteria with live R bacteria and injected this mixture
into mice?
A. The mice died, and living bacteria that appeared smooth could be isolated from the dead
mice.
B. The mice lived, and living bacteria that appeared smooth could be isolated from the
living mice.
C. The mice died, indicating that the heat-killed S bacteria came back to life.
D. The mice lived and neither smooth nor rough-appearing bacteria could be isolated from
the living mice.
Answer: A

7) In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty used an in vitro agglutination
assay to demonstrate that purified DNA was sufficient to cause transformation of cells, and
that the transforming factor could be destroyed by
A. ribonucleases but not by deoxyribonuclease or protease enzymes.
B. proteases but not by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease enzymes.
C. deoxyribonucleases but not by protease or ribonuclease enzymes.
D. both deoxyribonucleases and proteases but not by ribonuclease enzymes.
Answer: C



A → B → C → D
enzyme a enzyme b enzyme c

8) According to Beadle and Tatum’s one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis, how many different
genes are apparently operating in the pathway shown above?
A. It cannot be determined from the pathway.
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Answer: D

,9) Beadle and Tatum’s “one gene – one enzyme” hypothesis was later revised to the
A. one gene – one polypeptide hypothesis.
B. one gene – one protein hypothesis.
C. one gene – one DNA molecule hypothesis.
D. one gene – one enzyme, one lipid, one RNA molecule, or one carbohydrate hypothesis.
Answer: A

10) In the 1950s, Hershey and Chase conducted a now famous experiment to determine whether
DNA or protein carried the hereditary information in bacteriophage T2. What method did they
used to selectively label the DNA and protein components of bacteriophage T2?
A. 35S to label the DNA and 32P to label the protein
B. 35S to label the protein and 32P to label the DNA
C. 35P to label the protein and 32S to label the DNA
D. none of the above
Answer: B

11) The classic experiment performed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase revealed:
A. RNA was not the hereditary material.
B. Microbes could exchange genetic information.
C. In a bacteriophage infection, protein was transferred into the infected bacterial cell.
D. In a bacteriophage infection, DNA was transferred into the infected bacterial cell.
Answer: D

12) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed
A. the tetranucleotide structure of DNA.
B. the one gene – one enzyme hypothesis.
C. the double helix as a model for the structure of DNA.
D. that Griffith’s transforming principle was DNA.
Answer: C

13) The primary principle of the “neutral” theory of natural selection is that
A. evolution is primarily driven by purifying selection against deleterious mutations.
B. advantageous and deleterious mutations play an equal role in evolution.
C. genetic drift by random allele fixation plays a dominant role in evolution.
D. it is impossible to deduce whether observed allele frequencies are caused by positive or
negative selection.
Answer: C

14) Neo-Darwinism did not recognize a significant role of _________________ variation in
evolution.
A. advantageous
B. deleterious
C. adaptive
D. neutral
Answer: D

, 15) Which of the following theories suggests that mutations create a pool of genetic diversity
that may undergo selection at a later time when conditions change?
A. Darwinism
B. Neo-Darwinism
C. Neutral Theory
D. Nearly Neutral Theory
Answer: D

16) Darwin’s original theory of evolution recognized ________________ variations.
A. advantageous, deleterious, and neutral
B. advantageous, deleterious, and dominant
C. dominant, recessive, and advantageous
D. neutral, dominant, and recessive
Answer: A


Short answer/analytical

17) Define the terms “in vivo” and “in vitro.”
Answer: Section 1.2, p. 6

18) The discovery by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty that Griffith’s transforming principle was
DNA came as a surprise to scientists at the time. Provide an explanation for why their finding
was unexpected.
Answer: Section 1.2, p. p.8

19) Explain how technological advances allowed Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase to carry out
their classic experiment in 1952.
Answer: Section 1.2, p. 11

20) Discuss scientific findings at the time that provided the necessary context for the proposed
structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953.
Answer: Section 1.2, p. 11-12

21) Sodium hydroxide denatures both proteins and nucleic acids, while phenol denatures
proteins but not nucleic acids. In the transformation experiments performed by Griffith with
Streptococcus pnemoniae, what result would be expected if an extract of S-strain bacteria was
treated with phenol? What would be expected if it was treated with sodium hydroxide?

Answer: If an extract of S-strain bacteria was treated with phenol and then injected into mice
along with live R-strain cells, one would expect the mice to die. Phenol would denature the
proteins but not the nucleic acids in the bacterial extract. The S-strain bacterial DNA would be
able to transform the R-strain bacteria. If the extract of S-strain bacteria was treated with sodium
hydroxide and then injected into mice along with live R-strain cells, one would expect the mice
to remain healthy. The extract would not promote transformation, since the DNA would be
denatured.

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