Hi, the following documents are notes of IB Geography. The following documents are divided into 3, each covering each IB Geography examination paper - 1, 2 and 3 fully. The notes contain a full comprehensive examination of all components of the IB Geography syllabus. It is also that the notes were ...
Definitions
Demographic Dividend The potential economic growth for a country with depends on
the country age, sex pyramid, and increase in the working population over the none
working population
Human development index How much has a country developed over time
Development indicators A set of requirements that indicates how a country has
developed
NI (Natural Increase) calculated by the subtracting the crude death rate from crude
birth rate.
BR (Birth Rate)
DR (Death Rate)
IMR (Infant Mortality Rate)
CDR (Crude Death Rate)
CBR (Crude Birth Rate)
Fertility The ability to conceive children
TFR (Total Fertility Rate) The average number of births per thousand women of
childbearing age
Life expectancy how many years a person is predicted to live from the day of their birth
assuming the DTM stays the same
Dependency Ratios The amount of dependent people to independent people
Equation: People age of 0-16 + people age of 64+ / People age 16-64. X 100
Pull factors factors that pull people or attract them towards a country
Push factors factors that push people away from a country or place
Refugees people who were forced to leave their country, and cross international
borders
IDPS (internally displaced people) People who were forced to leave their place, but
stayed within international borders of their country
Asylum Seekers A person who seeks protection from another country, while his
refugee status hasn’t been confirmed yet
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,Development displacements people who were forced to leave due to government
plans or projects
DTM It studies the birth and death rates and how it effects a countries population
Population distribution the spatial pattern of where people live
Population density the number of people in a given area
HIC (High Income Countries) It’s countries where the annual income of over 12,475$
MIC (Middle Income Countries) It’s countries where the population lives annually
between 1,025$ and 12,475$
LIC (Low Income Countries) It’s countries where the population lives annually less
than 1,025$
LDCs (Least Developed Countries) Countries with very low standard of living such as
Afghanistan, Eritrea and Somalia
NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) Such as Malaysia and Taiwan and all the
countries that have experienced rapid industrial, social, and economical growth since
1960
MEDC (More Economically Developed Countries) Such as Japan and Germany
Ageing Population A population in which the median age are high and increasing. It is
generally attributed to the falling fertility rates and increasing life expectancy
Sex Ratio The proportion of males to females in a given population from local scale to
national or global scale.
Family Size The number of members in a family including the parents and children.
Population Projections The predicted amount of population a region is expected to
reach, looking at the birth and death rates.
Population Momentum The continued increase/decrease in population even though
fertility rates are high/low. This occurs when a large percentage of the population of pre-
childbearing and childbearing age
Pro-Natalist Policy A governmental strategy that encourages higher fertility rates
Anti-Natalist Policy A governmental strategy that aims to control population growth by
reducing the fertility rate and limiting the number of children that are born
2
,Human trafficking the illegal transportation and/or exploitation of people or human
parts. It may take place where the person lives or may involve relocation within the
country or international borders. It usually occurs for the purposes of forced labour or
sexual exploitation, it does not include people smuggling where the person moves
willingly through illegal means.
Bonded Labour Where the victim’s labour is required as repayment of a debt
Forced Labour Where the victim works under the threat of violence to themselves or
their family it may be as a domestic servant or whatever.
Megacity A city with a population over 10 million people
Millionaire City A city of a population over 1 million
Primate City A disproportionately larger city in the urban hierarchy in a country
Urban Hierarchy The hierarchy of settlements in a country from megacities, large
towns, villages.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) The total value of goods and services produced within
a country in a given period of time
GNI (Gross National Income) The total value of goods and services produced within a
country, plus income and payments from abroad
PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) Accounts for the cost of living, as it is based on the
cost of a basket of consumer goods and not currency exchange. GNI per capita PP is
meant to measure how much a dollar might buy, for the average consumer in a
country.
Core-Periphery It suggests that some cities, regions or countries develop faster
because of human and physical advantages and turn into the core regions and other
regions that lack human and physical advantages become less important periphery
regions. Core areas experience greater growth, investment and net migration gain,
while the peripheries are slower to develop may well be exploited and suffer from lack of
investment or alternatively experience slow trickle down of investment.
Internal Migration The movement of people within a country for both voluntary and
involuntary reasons.
Population Pyramid A graphical illustration to show the age and gender distribution of
a population
Gentrification restoring and upgrading old houses and stores in poor neighborhoods
3
, Gender Refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a
given society considers appropriate for men and women.
Social Norms The rules for now are how people should act in a given group of society.
These rules are often different for men and women. Any behavior that is outside these
norms is considered abnormal
Culture The total of inherited ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge that constitutes the
shared bases of social action
Status With regards to gender, the relative position on standing of men and women in a
society
Unemployment Gender The female unemployment rate as a percentage of the male
unemployment rate
Pro-Poor growth To increase incomes of the poorest people at rates above the
national average
Climate Change Any long-term trend or movement in climate detected by a
sustained shift in average value of any climate element
Greenhouse gases These atmospheric gases that absorb inferred
radiation and cause world temperature to be warmer than they would
otherwise be
Positive feedback loop It increases the effect of change and produces
instability, in this case, loops are known-on effects in natural systems which act
to accelerate and amplify any changes that have already started to occur
Negative feedback loop They reduce the effect of change which helps
maintain balance, in this case when a system adjust itself in ways that lessen
or cancel out the effect of the original change.
Global dimming Suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere can reflect
solar energy back into space and so have no net cooling effect. It can occur
naturally by volcanic emissions or human pollution.
Anthropogenic carbon flow The current amount of carbon emission released
annually by a country produced in each nation.
Anthropogenic carbon stock The total size of the store of anthropogenic
carbon emissions released into the atmosphere since industrialization began in
1750
Deindustrialization The loss of traditional manufacturing industries in some
high-income countries due to their closure to relocation elsewhere since the
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