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Samenvatting Eriksen - Small Places, Large IssueChapter 1 – Anthropology: comparison and context
Antropologie onderzoekt de sociale en culturele variatie in de wereld, maar probeert ook
overeenkomsten tussen sociale systemen en menselijke relaties inzichtelijk te maken.
Antropologie zoekt ook naar verbanden tussen verschillende aspecten van het menselijk
bestaan, meestal uitgaande van een specifiek lokaal leven in een samenleving.
o Dit waren lange tijd non-industriële, kleinschalige sociale omgevingen, maar kan
tegenwoordig op vrijwel elk sociaal systeem worden toegepast.
Terminologie
Anthropos = mens; Logos = rede antropologie = kennis van mensen
Cultuur = de mogelijkheden, opvattingen en vormen van gedrag die personen hebben
aangenomen als leden van een samenleving.
o Enerzijds universeel: het onderscheidt ons van het dierenrijk
o Anderzijds uniek: verschillende mensen hebben een verschillende cultuur
o De term heeft echter veel meer facetten, en wordt dus erg kritisch gebruikt
Cultuur duidt op de verkregen, cognitieve en symbolische aspecten van het bestaan
Samenleving duidt op de sociale organisatie van het menselijke leven, interactiepatronen en
machtsrelaties.
Praktijk
Vergelijkende studie van het culturele en sociale leven, gericht op verschillende dimensies.
Uitgangspunt is veldwerk en observatie in een specifieke sociale setting.
Etnografisch veldwerk richt zich op diepgaand onderzoek van één regio.
Het is daarom comparatief en empirisch, zonder bias voor één samenleving.
Het heeft zeker overlap met andere disciplines maar geeft net zo goed zijn eigen inbreng.
Universal versus the Particular
To what extent do all humans, cultures or societies have something in common, and to what
extent is each of them unique?
Nearly all societies have several features in common, but these features are rarely identical.
To get a grip on this tension anthropology introduces ethnocentrism.
The problem of ethnocentrism
Both society and culture must be understood on their own terms, separate from any universal
and shared scales. To understand the quality of life of a society one needs to fully understand
the inner workings of a society.
This requires a “total” understanding of their worldly experience, not just selected variables.
This makes ethnocentrism a danger (evaluating others from your own perspective and terms).
This denies others to be different, and presents an obstacle in our understanding.
The opposite of this is cultural relativism (all societies and cultures are qualitatively different,
with their own unique inner logic). This is both impractical and undesirable as a personal ethical
principle, but stands at the core of the methodology of anthropology.
Chapter 2 – A brief history of anthropology
Developed as academic discipline in the late 19th century, but not without forerunners in
geography, travel writing, philosophy and historiography.
Anthropology has different background in different countries, and the history is therefore
never completely neutral and objective.
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