This were notes from different web pages, books, revised by teachers and checked with the syllabus of 2023.
These notes are for the examination of IGCSE 2023 co-ordinated science ( this is only the biology part).
1
Vacuole: Stores food and water and helps to maintain the
shape of the cell.
B1. Characteristics of living things
Movement: An action by an organism causing a change of Cell wall: Rigid to keep the shape of the cell.
position or place.
Chloroplasts: contains chlorophyll, which absorbs light
Respiration: Cell chemical reactions break down nutrient energy for photosynthesis.
molecules and release energy.
Cells and Organisms
Sensitivity: the ability to detect and respond to changes in the
environment.
Type of Function Image
cells
Growth: a permanent increase in size.
Root hair absorption
cells
Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind
of organism.
Excretion: removal from organisms of toxic materials and
Palisade Photosynthesis
substances in excess of requirements. mesophyll
cells
Nutrition: taking in materials for energy, growth, and
development.
Cells Red blood transport of
cells oxygen
Sperm and Reproduction
egg cells
Both cells:
Cell membrane: Allow certain substances to enter and
Ciliated movement of
leave the cell. cells mucus in the
trachea and
bronchi
Cytoplasm: Where chemical reactions take place.
Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls the cell.
Magnification formula:
Mitochondria: Where aerobic respiration takes place.
Ribosomes: Produce protein.
Plant cells:
, 2
B2. Movement in and out of cells B3. Biological Molecules
diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of
their higher concentration to a region of their lower Carbohydrates Proteins Fats and oils
concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result Made from Made from Made from
of their random movement. Carbon Carbon Carbon
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
- Substances move into and out of cells by diffusion (CHO) Sometimes (CHO)
through the cell membrane. Sugar as glucose or Sulphur Fats such as
monosaccharides. Nitrogen Glycerol
- Glucose and oxygen for respiration, would not be (CHO{S})
able to get to the place needed. Water is Amino Acids
necessary as a solvent.
Factors that affect:
Chemical tests
Osmosis: the net movement of water molecules from a
region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a
region of lower water potential (concentrated solution),
through a partially permeable membrane.
Plant cells:
Structure of DNA
Double helix formed from two complementary strands of
nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between
G-C and A-T base pairs.
Animal cells:
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