This resource is a complete set of revision notes for the ccea AS topic of settlements. It includes subtopics such as rural-urban continuum, population density, service availability, green space, settlement size, accessibility, air quality, rural urban fringe, greenfield developments, suburbanisati...
v Difficult
to
work
out
differences
between
rural
and
urban
settlements.
In
past
had
more
distinct
characteristics
i.e.
rural
economy
geared
towards
farming,
have
balanced
age
structure
and
low
population
density
while
urban
was
where
secondary
and
tertiary
activities
took
place,
had
more
young
people
and
were
crowded.
v In
UK
during
19th
and
20th
century
people
needed
house
close
to
work-‐
towns
and
cities
grew.
Rural
and
urban
2
separate
entities
v During
mid-‐20th
century
two
significant
changes
occurred
blurring
lines
between
rural
and
urban:
1. Introduction
of
motorised
public
transport
and
the
motor
car-‐
industrial
cities
(high
density
housing
and
pollution)
unhealthy
and
unattractive.
Improvements
in
transport
meant
now
possible
to
live
further
away
from
work.
Initially
only
wealthy
people
moved
to
rural
areas
at
edge
of
city
and
commuted.
As
working
conditions
improved
more
able
to
afford
this.
Building
boom
followed
as
new
houses
built
on
the
edge
2. Industrial
change-‐
instead
of
being
tied
e.g.
riverside
location
or
near
raw
materials,
industry
is
now
‘foot
loose’
so
can
choose
to
locate
where
best
suits
and
many
now
sited
on
cheap
land
away
from
towns/cities,
with
good
transport
links
for
workers.
Many
now
in
purpose
built
industrial
estates.
So
instead
of
workers
flocking
to
cities
because
industry
was
located
there
industry
is
moving
to
where
workers
live.
v As
a
result
urban
areas
merging
into
rural
areas
known
as
urban
sprawl
(meet
at
rural-‐urban
fringe)
v In
attempt
to
distinguish
between
rural
and
urban
different
criteria
can
be
used
e.g.
population
density,
landuse
and
employment
structure.
Most
common
is
population
size
but
there
are
different
variations.
In
England
<10,000
is
considered
rural,
Scotland
it
is
3,000,
NI
is
5,000.
In
NI
64%
considered
urban
and
36%
rural
v Other
ways
to
classify
are
settlement
hierarchy
and
Paul
Cloke’s
index
of
rurality
as
shown
below
Indicator
Application
Population
/hectare
Low
%
change
in
population
Decrease
%
of
total
population
over
65
High
%
of
total
population
15-‐45
(male
and
Low
female)
Occupancy
rate
(%
of
population
at
1.5
Low
people/
room)
Households
per
dwelling
Low
%
in
socio
economic
groups
13/14/15
High
associated
with
farm
work
%
resident
for
<
5
years
Low
Distance
from
nearest
urban
centre
High
This
is
confusing
so
geographers
have
come
up
with:
Rural-‐
urban
continuum-‐
the
gradual
change
from
rural
to
urban
areas
as
it
is
hard
to
tell
where
urban
areas
stop
and
rural
areas
begin.
Rural-‐
an
area
where
the
main
economic
activities
and
settlement
patterns
are
related
to
primary
industries
i.e.
agriculture
Urban-‐
an
area
where
the
main
economic
activities
and
settlement
patterns
are
related
to
secondary
and
tertiary
activities
How
does
a
settlement’s
characteristics
change
from
CBD
to
the
remote
rural?
Characteristic
How
does
it
change
Population
• In
CBD/
suburbs
of
city
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre,
population
density
very
high
with
300-‐500
density
people/
km2.
• As
you
move
towards
remote
rural
e.g.
Mourne
Mountains
population
density
decreases
and
population
becomes
more
sparsely
populated
with
hamlets
and
isolated
dwellings
becoming
common.
Service
• In
CBD
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre
service
availability
very
high
and
service
widely
available
e.g.
availability
shops,
restaurants,
universities
• As
you
move
towards
remote
rural
service
availability
will
decline
to
maybe
small
corner
shop
in
deep
countryside
e.g.
Killinchy
• To
no
service
at
all
in
Mournes.
Green
space
• In
CBD
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre
green
space
very
limited
as
it
is
an
extreme
urban
environment
• As
you
move
towards
remote
rural
e.g.
Mournes
green
space
increases
with
gardens
in
outer
, suburbs
e.g.
Belmont
road
• And
fields
in
commuter
zone
e.g.
around
Hillsborough
• Finally
reaching
wildscape
in
remote
rural
with
lots
of
green
space
Settlement
• In
CBD
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre
settlement
size
is
the
largest
area
with
largest
population
(approx.
size
300,000)
• As
you
move
towards
remote
rural
settlement
size
will
decrease
to
small
villages
with
only
few
hundred
people
in
deeper
countryside
e.g.
Killinchy
• And
isolated
dwellings
in
remote
rural
e.g.
Mournes
Accessibility
• CBD
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre
is
most
accessible
area
as
it
is
a
nodal
point
and
all
transport
routes
converge
here
e.g.
trains,
buses,
motorways
• As
you
move
towards
remote
rural
e.g.
Mournes
accessibility
still
good
in
commuter
zone
e.g.
Hillsborough
as
public
transport
still
needed
so
people
can
commute
to
CBD
for
work
via
train
etc.
• Remote
rural
is
the
least
accessible
with
very
limited
public
transport
due
to
lower
demand
Air
pollution/
• Air
quality
in
CBD
e.g.
Belfast
city
centre
is
the
lowest
as
there
is
lots
of
traffic
and
congestion
air
quality
which
releases
emissions
e.g.
carbon
dioxide.
• As
you
move
towards
the
remote
rural
e.g.
Mournes
air
quality
will
improve
due
to
lower
amounts
of
traffic
and
congestion
and
less
emissions
Rural
urban
fringe-‐
the
hinterland
between
a
typically
urban
landscape
and
a
typically
rural
landscape
There
are
conflicts
of
interest
resulting
in
3
main
issues:
1. Greenfield
developments-‐
building
on
land
that
has
not
previously
been
built
on
or
used
for
building.
v Attractive
as
land
usually
cheaper
and
doesn’t
need
to
be
decontaminated,
whereas
brownfield
sites
(land
that
has
been
built
on)
will
need
this=
more
expensive
v Built
on
former
farmland.
Most
of
new
building
has
been
housing,
roads
and
out
of
town
shopping
centres.
Contributed
to
urban
sprawl
on
rural-‐urban
fringe
v E.g.
Belfast
Urban
sprawl
has
been
controlled
by
planners.
In
1963
Belfast
Regional
Plan
placed
a
stop
‘line’
to
limit
urban
growth-‐
the
Matthew
Stopline
(created
survey
completed
by
Robert
Matthew).
v An
area
of
open
and
controlled
space
known
as
greenbelt-‐
area
of
undeveloped
land
around
a
city
on
which
building
is
restricted.
This
would
separate
city
from
surrounding
small
towns
v However
as
people
continued
to
need
to
work
in
Belfast
result
was
increase
in
commuting
distance
and
time
with
more
congestion
on
arterial
roads
leading
into
city.
This
in
turn
reduces
economic
competitiveness
v The
Belfast
metropolitan
Area
Plan
for
2015
says
has
been
a
20%
increase
in
road
traffic
in
and
out
of
the
city
v More
road
projects
undertaken
to
combat
this
e.g.
ring
road
which
skirts
edge
of
city
with
links
to
M1
and
M2,
bypasses
several
towns
e.g.
Hollywood
and
road
widening
to
include
more
lanes
e.g.
A2
from
Belfast
to
Carrickfergus.
v These
are
built
on
farmland
and
scenic
recreational
land,
often
objections
to
such
have
led
to
projects
being
cancelled
e.g.
proposed
road
through
Belvoir
forest
park
in
south
Belfast
in
1995.
This
is
because
building
on
greenfield
sites
reduces
habitats
available
for
plants
and
animals
as
trees
and
hedgerows
removed,
leading
to
possible
local
extinction.
v Also
reduces
available
agricultural
land
so
could
reduce
yield
a
farmer
produces
and
their
profit.
v We
might
like
idea
of
bug
retail
centres
in
rural-‐urban
fringe,
using
greenfield
sites
not
always
popular.
Sprucefield
and
Abbeycentre
largely
successful
but
increase
traffic
and
local
traders
concerned
they
take
customers
away
from
local
town
centres.
Family
owned
businesses
close
and
jobs
lost
(increase
in
unemployment)
as
local
small-‐scale
businesses
can’t
compete
with
large
MNCs.
v Proposal
by
John
Lewis
organisation
to
build
store
at
Sprucefield
successfully
opposed
by
local
residents
in
2013
after
they
tried
for
over
20
years
to
get
agreement
from
Stormont
2. Suburbanisation-‐
the
decentralization
of
people,
services
and
industry
to
the
edge
of
the
existing
urban
areas,
which
can
engulf
surrounding
urban
areas
and
villages.
(People
move
from
inner
city
to
suburbs)
Doesn’t
increase
or
decrease
population
of
a
city,
only
changes
distribution.
It
was
encouraged
to
take
place
due
to:
• Increasing
incomes
and
standards
of
living
(could
afford
larger
homes
and
to
commute
to
work
in
CBD)
• Improved
transport
systems
(public
transport
e.g.
bus
routes,
glider
to
commute)
• Developments
in
communication
technology
(email,
video
conferencing-‐
people
can
work
from
home)
• Increasing
job
opportunities
in
suburbs
(retail
parks,
industrial
premises)
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