Physiology 1A essay - cardiac output and haemorrhage
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Course
Physiology 1A
Institution
University Of Bristol (UOB)
An essay about how cardiac output is determined (includes equations) and the response to haemorrhage (tables included). A good example of how to structure an essay and use figures in your writing, focusing on the physiological response of the cardiac system.
Explain how cardiac output is determined and briefly describe the response to haemorrhage.
Essay plan
Introduction
- Outline function of heart
- Define cardiac output
- Define haemorrhage
- Outline homeostasis
Paragraph 1
- Describe cardiac output
- Equation 2
- Typical value
- Total peripheral resistance
- Mean atrial resistance
Paragraph 2
- Equation 2
- Stroke volume
- heartrate
Paragraph 3
- Describe haemorrhage
- Effects on body
- Future research
Conclusion
- Importance of homeostasis
- Body response to trauma
The heart is a specialised organ within the cardiovascular system. It is made up of myogenic tissue,
which contracts non-voluntarily and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. When action
potentials reach the sinoatrial node within the right atrium, the electrical signal spreads to the atrio-
ventricular node and then travels down the Purkinje fibres, causing coordinated systole of the
ventricles. This occurs to pump an adequate volume of to other tissues so they can acquire oxygen
and other resources from blood. The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time is the
cardiac output (CO). If tissues receive an insufficient volume of blood (and therefore oxygen), this
can result in tissue death. Consequently, CO is controlled through homeostasis and the negative
feedback loop to ensure proper function of the body. For example, during a haemorrhage (blood loss
through a ruptured blood vessel) there will be a significant drop in oxygen supply, which is a
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