Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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Summary Crime and deviance revision summaries
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Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
Institution
AQA
An exact summary for crime and deviance module- including main theory- Marxism, functionalism as well as sub cultural theory. Furthermore, covering the link between ethnicity and gender and crime.
As well as brief summaries on prevention and punishment.
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Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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CRIME AND DEVIANCE – SOCIOLOGY PAPER 3
FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVES SUBCULTURAL THEORY
DURKHEIM- POSITIVE FUNCTIONS MERTON- STRAIN THEORY
+ Crime strengthens the collective consciousness, by uniting communities in + Strain caused because of unequal access of opportunities-
moral outrage. 1) Conformists- conform to societal goals, legitimately, through hard
+ Deviant actions can lead to social change- for example, the suffragettes, work.
and the civil rights movements A02- Case of Kiranjit Ahluwalia- led to legal 2) Innovators- find new ways to meet societal goals, usually
reform- she was abused for 10 years, and killed her husband, but was illegitimately.
charged- led to legal reform- some cases murder can be categorized as self 3) Ritualists- obsessively conform to rules, as they lose hope.
defense 4) Retreatists- reject society
+ Safety valve- relieve stress- e.g., riots A02- Cohen said that “prostitution 5) Rebels- form new goals/ relationships
performs such a safety valve function without threatening the institution of
the family”, this is because he believed this crime of prostitution could COHEN- STATUS FRUSTRATION
relieve the stress in a discrete way without damaging the rest of the client's
life. + Working class boys lack the values to achieve, and this causes status
+ Warning device- can expose that the current social order is not working. frustration, and as a result they form deviant subcultures, in which they
+ Boundary maintenance- A02- case of Shamima begum inevitably commit crime.
CLOWARD/ OHLIN- SUBCULTURES
Working class deviants gain status through illegitimate career opportunities-
CRIMINAL (graduate into criminal careers), CONFLICT (gang violence),
RETREATISTS (alcohol/drugs- b/c cannot access legitimate opportunity
structures)
EVALUATION EVALUATION
- Assumption that norms/values are universal- ignores the fact that Merton- cannot explain non- utilitarian crimes, and why people commit
crime can be ‘culturally determined’ (Foucault), for example child crimes simply for the sake or thrill of it (Cohen)
labor is illegal in the UK (factories act), however, may not be Cohen/ Cloward/ Ohlin- cannot explain why women commit crime- not
applicable to third world countries, where families are dependent intersectional- develop with chivalry thesis.
on their children to work- norms/ values not universal culturally.
- Cannot explain different types of crime- or more petty crimes, such
as graffiti- which may encourage more crime- so how can crime be
functional? - broken windows theory (Wilson/ Kelling)
- Marxists/ feminists- not all groups are punished equally.
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, CRIME AND DEVIANCE – SOCIOLOGY PAPER 3
MARXISTS- CONCERNS/ THEORY EVALUATION/ ANALYSIS
Marxists argue that crime is caused by the social structure, which is A02- examples of trying to use minority groups as scapegoats to distract
capitalism- so capitalism is criminogenic (causes crime)- can look at Stuart from real issues in society by the rich/powerful- for example tiktocker
hall- ‘Policing Crisis' (1970’s- ‘black muggings’) prankster ‘Mizzy’, recently – why is the media focusing on petty crimes
+ Dog eat dog world- Gordon. committed instead on focusing on current socio-economic state of the Uk.
Idea of commodity fetishism – that can be linked to Merton or Cohen A03- doesn’t explain why some people in poverty do not turn to crime.
Selective law enforcement- there is an over-focus on crimes of the A02- practical application- consider this= services such as the NHS, keeps
proletariat, to control their actions, and the crimes of the ruling class go workers healthy, and able to work and continue to be exploited,
ignored, and this is known as selective law enforcement (Chambliss). furthermore- think of green crime in specifics- Bhopal gas disaster to
- The law suits the needs of the ruling classes, and there is legislation understand in a wider social context- it effected poorer areas, with company
that brainwashes proletariat to believing the system truly cares for trying to get away with crime- TNC.s go to countries that have less
them, when in actuality, ruling class could care little, as health and developed protection laws- exploit the system, and get away with it
safety laws are rarely enforce, and they just wish for a healthy, and A03- assumes we are passive victims, and are fixed in our positions,
pliable workforce- this is known as the ‘caring face’, of capitalism – postmodernists argue- we are individuals with free will- change is possible-
proposed by Pearce. Gramsci ‘organic individuals’- Neo-Marxists- crime is voluntaristic.
Ideology- the law only benefits the interests of the ruling class, and as a A02- is this necessarily true- considering cases, in recent years there has
resort it is ideological, as it protects the interests of one particular social been a crackdown on individuals that hold great positions of power- think of
group, at the expense of others, according to BOX. resent trials against the likes of Donald Trump, and criticism against Boris
Johnson- individuals held responsible by the likes of the moral entrepreneur
- Althusser- RSA- military and police force, giving power to enforce the media.
laws with force, if necessary, used to make lower classes comply,
and prevents revolution- if individuals who go against the system A03- crime is voluntaristic, not all individuals have the means to also fight
are placed in prison, progression of the underprivileged is inhibited- against the system as Marx claims in fear of prosecution- it is not that
and overall furthers inequality by preventing revolution, as well as individuals are unaware- they don’t have the power to fight- for example,
the ISA that can further explain how ruling class ideology creates a think of recent laws attempting to prevent protesting and striking by the
false class consciousness. government-
- Gramsci- dominant ideology (hegemony- ruling class wants/needs)
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