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Summary Virtue theory revision notes
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Summerised revision notes on the ethical theory, virtue theory. The notes are detailed with source of wisdom to accompany the claims made.
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Virtue theory — revisionVirtue theory is a normative theory that assesses the personal qualities one must contain in
order to be a ‘good person.’
It derives from the Greek word ‘arete’ which means excellence or moral virtue.
The theory is considered to be a teleological theory due to it considering the purpose of ethics in
order for one to achieve a good character by considering ones mental state rather than the acts
that one performs.
Virtue is achieved by imitating or following the example of other ethical individuals to develop
the same desired traits.
Some individuals may find it easier than others to develop the virtuous character.
Aristotle identifies three kinds of people:
- The Sophron: Finds it easy to be moderate with little effort.
- The Enkrates: Must work hard but they achieve virtue.
- The Akrates: Very weak willed and cannot overcome temptation.
Aristotle’s moral values-
According to Aristotle, people act for a purpose and this purpose is to achieve Eudaemonia
[Happiness, human flourishing.] It is the only thing that one should want for its own sake. When
one desires something, its because one wants happiness. To achieve Eudaemonia, it is integral
to develop the characteristics that will allow one to be content and live in harmony with others.
These traits are known as values and there are two kinds:
- The moral values: non-rational and are virtues of good character.
- The intellectual virtues: Rational and contribute most to a good life.
There are 5 intellectual virtues
- Scientific knowledge
- Art or technical skills
- Prudence or practical wisdom
- Intelligence or intuition
- Wisdom
Aristotle explores other areas of intellectual virtue such as resourcefulness, understanding and
judgment.
There are 12 moral values and they fall between the vices of excess and deficiency. These are
known as the Golden Mean. This is the moderation between the two vices.
Vice of deficiency:
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