Psychology Edexcel A Level Issues and Debates Summary
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Course
Unit 9 - Psychological skills
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
Psychology Edexcel A Level Issues and Debates Notes/ Summary document
All the issues and debates notes for the psychology approaches and applications; summarised/ points added for each
For Psychology Edexcel Specification 2015 onwards
Psychology Approaches covered (Year 1):
- Social
- Lear...
Issue/ Debate Social Learning Biological Cognitive Clinical Criminal
Ethical Issues Milgram: first one and Research tends to involve PET scans require injection, Case studies such as HM; Concerns over ability of Concern over nature of
variations; breach many of use of animals; Skinner’s require person to remain confidentiality maintained patients with psychotic consent over using drug
ethical guidelines today box (electrified floor of still for extended period in by giving pseudonyms; illnesses such as Schz to treatments to treat
(psychological harm, cage that shocked animals enclosed space; goes research into brain give informed consent aggression and sexual
deception) until they pressed lever against guideline of damaged patients often regarding their deviancy.
Burger: used in depth (deliberately exposed rats protection if ppt has criticised for violating right participation in research. This area can expose
screening, reduced sample to adverse stimuli), repeated scans (Raine; of privacy (over studied, Clinical trials; essential part people to potentially
shock, only allowed ppts up conditioning rat to press control groups having scans normal life impinged on) of testing effectiveness of stressful situations such as
to 150V (showed how lever to disperse food not done for medical purposes Full nature of many therapies and seeing side mock trials or artificial
guidelines listened to) adverse in itself; but for anyway, and the criminals experimental aims may be effects; ppts may be crime scenes (Loftus and
Prejudice research creates animal to be motivated to wished to gather evidence withheld to avoid vulnerable and car must be Palmer; car crash); some
potential for psychological press lever, some degree to help their case that they possibility of demand taken to ensure no research uses actual
harm; groups putted against of food restriction were NGRI) characteristics; most unnecessary harm is done. witnesses to real life
one another in situations necessary (contravenes researchers gain consent, crimes (Yuille and
attempting to create conflict ethical guideline of food rarely involves deliberately Cutshall), may cause
(sherif) restriction) violating protection of ppts distress for ppts, whether
Watson and Rayner; little by causing distress or experiences relate to real
albert deliberately anxiety. Some research or artificial situations.
distressed in order to may use deception by Ethical considerations
condition phobic response misguiding ppts as to true need to be given to ensure
nature of experiment, but individuals have capacity
will offer right to withdraw to give consent as they
still. may be emotional at time
(e.g. witnesses)
Issues related to 65% of Milgram’s ppts went Treatments based on Research into aggression = Baddeley’s research is not Rosenhan (1973); socially Biological treatments,
Socially Sensitive to 450V; walked away with learning theories = SS, SS; findings have social SS, looks at how everyone sensitive as could show chemical castration,
Research knowledge they could’ve because control of client’s consequences for encodes in LTM, findings that not all people on distressing for people
killed someone. Could’ve behaviour is managed individuals or groups apply to everyone, also psychiatric hospital may involved perhaps, could
been substantial implications directly by therapist. beyond study. E.g. Raine unlikely learning lists of have a mental disorder., also be SS as could lead to
for German population had Pavlov/ W&R research found differences in brains words is going to make also shows impact of label implications for more
he found they have trait that could be seen as SS; can of murderers in areas ppts feel negatively about sticking for mental health, criminals (forced into
made them more obedient. explain phobias and lead associated with control, themselves. and how it shows how taking drugs), like Turner et
Guimond et al (2013) to treatment (positive), suggests physical marker Sebastian and Hernandez even if you behave al, who found in many
investigate multi-cultural however CC can be used in could be identified for Gil; digit span reached ‘normally’ staff can treat cases clinicians report
policies within countries, advertising to associate crime; screen population adult levels at age 17 in you as mentally ill. Is also considerable decrease in
found lowest level of product with pleasure and identify future Spanish population, but SS as it showed the staff in deviant sexual interest and
prejudice in Canada and response (‘brainwashing’ criminals. Also, may mean age 15 in English a mental institution didn’t fantasies (could potentially
highest in Germany; socially public) no responsibility take from population; research recognise good mental lead to offenders being
sensitive as it indicated Becker’s research = SS; criminals (behaviour due to concerned with culture health; they then also forced into taking drugs).
possibility of one culture investigates cause of brain differences they could be SS as it could be represent other mental Psychological formulations
being more prejudice than eating disorders and cannot control), sensitive to seen as suggesting that health professionals. could be SS as you get to
another, may be seen as bringing light to girls eating extent individuals can be depending on language, Brown, SS as woman who know offender very well
criticising a particular habits and body image blamed, and how they memory capacity can have experienced and so are likely to have
country. thoughts could have been should be tried, sentenced develop later; could be significant life event with gathered personal info.
, distressing. etc. used negatively against little support could feel Loftus and Palmers
Brendgen; asked peers to that culture. vulnerable. research, SS as could be
rate friends’ aggression, Evidence to support exposing flaws in legal
sensitive as could impact genetic/ biological causes system, police may be
on how they behave of mental illness is SS, as unhappy to admit laws,
towards their friends in this info may lead to talk of and people wrongly
future. screening and possible committed because of
termination of foetuses as incorrect EWT?
was the case because of Brain injury/ Amygdala to
research into autism explain ASB, SS as criminals
suggesting testosterone in could blame their
the womb could be the behaviour on their brain
cause. Obviously, this is a injury or amygdala, say it’s
negative outcome and “not their fault”, how do
could lead to issues with we convict based on this?
social control. However, Jury decision making
research not intended for research SS as cannot
this purpose; it’s often the control accent, race,
media that misinterpret attractiveness etc.
and misapply the findings. Therefore, juries may not
It’s important that such feel in control of their
SSR is carried out in this decision (subconscious
area as it will apply to biases).
treat/ cure mental illness.
Practical issues in Issues around informed Issue generalising animal Brain scans are expensive Lab experiments; often Longitudinal studies; issues Lab experiments, issue of
design and consent and deception; study findings to humans; and time consuming and lack mundane realism and of following person with ecological validity, e.g. L&P,
implementation of designing questionnaire, can be argued animals not ecologically valid ecological validity; hard to extended period (time issue of ppts not being in
issues with social desirability. don’t have self-awareness (however are objective and explain everyday contexts; consuming, ppts attrition), natural environment to
research
Trying to avoid demand humans have so would so valid). so could conduct field however no individual experience car crash
characteristics in obedience respond differently from Twin studies (Brendgen et experiments (however this differences so increased (couldn’t do this due to
research; if ppts aware of humans in conditioning al); lack of identical twins in reduces reliability and validity. Carlsson et al; lots ethics, however gains
aims = no natural behaviour experiments; ability of the world so are hard to internal validity). of secondary data = valid reliability due to controlled
= results invalid and not humans to be aware of sample; so could use MZ Issues with demand and reliable. Inclusion of environment). Mock juries,
credible (deception often conditioning means they and DZ twins characteristics and animal and human studies must be used in most
used e.g. Milgram in order to grasp nature of aims of interchangeably; however experiment effects in lab increases validity (stress of cases as not legal or moral
overcome this issue) experiment and would wouldn’t find link between experiments; do a double- scanning on ppts could to use real juries (cannot
Issues with social desirability display demand nature/ nurture then. Issue blind procedure. reduce validity). Drug manipulate real trial
and demand characteristics characteristics (animals of knowing whether twins Issue of the extended time treatments use of placebo situations), gives ability to
in questionnaire; use filler can’t e.g. Skinners rats) are MZ or DZ or not; cost of period and cost of group may not be possible isolate a variable and then
questions. Issues with cost of housing genetic testing? undertaking case study; due to ethics (withholding to see its effects. Issue
Issues with time and cost to animal throughout studies, Issues with measuring also these are not treatment), however when creating
set up experiments e.g. so use animals where aggression in valid way; generalisable. would add validity. Brown psychological formulations
Milgram, Sherif. Issues with possible (however can’t such as operationalising Issues with individual et al (1986), originally as there’s the issue of
validity of field experiments, use humans like skinner variables (what is differences in independent wanted a more specific spending as much time
ppts knowing they are being did with rats = unethical). aggression to someone may groups design; could do sample, however had issue with the offender as
observed in covert Difficulty with isolating not be to another etc). repeated measures (lead of gathering ppts, so he necessary to create
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