Pathology Test Questions with Correct Answers

What are the 4 types of anatomic pathology - Gross Microscopic Developmental (teratology) Molecular What is the purpose of path - 1. Cause 2. Pathogenesis (mechanism of developement) 3. Structural alteration of cell 4. Consequences of these changes What are the tools of path - Gross= autopsy Microscopic = histology Molecular = cell isolation and culture What colour does H and E stain - H = stains nucleic acids/nucleus blue E = stains elastin, collagen and cytoplasm pink What colour does Van Geisen stain - stains elastin black and other connective tissue pink What colour does Masson's trichrome stain - Stains collagen blue What does PAS stain - glycogen magenta What does silver stain - nerves black What does oil red O stain - lipids bright red and nuclei blue What are the 3 types of microscopes and there magnification - Light micrograph = 300x Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) = 1700x, 2D Scanning electron micrograph = 2600 x, 3D What are the types of tissue in the body - Epithelium Connective Muscle Nevous Types of epithelia - Squamous- simple/stratified Cuboidal- simple/stratified Columnar- simple/pseudostratified Transitional Overall function of epithelium - It covers every exposed surface of the body -protective function against: mechanical damage, fluid loss and invasion of foreign bodies -metabolite function: metabolite exchange and glandular secretion Where would pseudostraitifed columnar, ciliated epithelium be - Structure determines function: Respiratory tract (trachea, larynx): important so cilia can clear mucus that traps foreign material Where would simple cuboidal epithelium be - renal distal tubules, salivary glands: protects from excessive water loss due to semi-permeability, also protects from abrasion where would simple columnar epithelium be - in the gut (colon): important for ion transport where would stratified squamous epithelium be - mouth, oesophagus, skin (keratinsed): important for protection where would transitional epithelium be found - bladder, ureters: allows cells the stretch to accomodate changes in volume of urine Where would you find simple squamous epithelium - aveoli: allows for gas exchange what are the types of muscle and there defining features - 1. Skeletal: striated, nucleus at ends of cells 2. Cardiac: ICDs, nucleus in middle of cells 3. Smooth: spindle shaped cells What are types of connective tissue and there features - Adipose: loose, chicken wire structure, designed to hold lipids Bone: dense and highly organised (osteons), strong and rigid Tendon: elongated fibres to transmit force, flattened cells, high collagen content (pink) Blood: contains lots of cells with different functions RBC - pink-red biconcave disc, anuclear Transports O2 and CO2 via Hb What are the types of leukocytes - Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes = B, T, NK cells Monocyte - Mononuclear, kidney shaped nucleus, large 20-40 hr cirulcaiton time-turns to macrophage in tissue (long lived)- phagocytosis, APC, releases cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1) important for inflammation 2-10% of PBMC Lymphocyte - Cant differntiate B and T cells from morphology Large nucleus with little cytoplasm, variable shape and size B cell= antibody T cell= CD4- helper cells and secrete cytokines, CD8- induce apoptosis 20-40% PBMC (T cells = 60-80% B cells = 15-30%) NK cells: Large, granular 5-10% PBMC Activated when they detect low expression of MHC-1 and they induce apoptosis (important for viral infection) They recognise antigen presented on CD1d (non-classical MHC) which causes them to produce lots of cytokines Neutrophil - 2-5 lobed nucleus, small pink-purple granules Recruited by chemokines (IL-8) to area of damage to phagocytose invaders/damaged tissue. Have complement receptors on surface to detect pathogens 40-70% in blood Die after 24-72 hours in tissue Basophil - 2 lobed nucleus, large dark purple granules Can bind IgE Releases histamine, leukotrienes Often increase in number during allergic reaction Thought to be an APC to drive Th2 responses 0.1% PBMC