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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Clomifene therapy : given to women causing more FSH and LH to METABOLIC RATE (thyroxine)> made up of endocrine glands that release chemical substances (hormones) into be released. to stimulate egg maturation and ovulation speed at which the chemical reactions in our body take place - in
the blood stream. >couple have intercourse as chances of pregnancy are increased. order to give us energy - is known as metabolic rate.
> Compared to N.S the effects of hormones are slower but they act for longer, so > used to treat women who rarely or never release an egg cell > taller people have a higher metabolic rate due to having more cells.
the endocrine system is used to control functions that do not need instant > couple eggs can release at once. high chance of multiple births. > as you get older, metabolic rate slows down.
responses. negative : doesn’t have a particularly high success rate and can 3 control variables when measuring metabolic rate:
Structures that make up the endocrine system be expensive 1. warm room (body doesn't need to adjust temperature)
Pituitary gland: a ‘master gland’ that makes hormones such as FSH and LH IVF : used particularly when there are issues with both male and 2. long after meal (energy not being used for digestion)
Thyroid: produces thyroxine, which controls metabolic rates and affects growth female fertility. 3. body at rest
Pancreas: produces insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels 1. mum given FSH and LH for egg maturation & ovulation. thyroxine levels are controlled by negative feedback; with levels
Adrenal glands: produces adrenaline 2. eggs collected and fertilised with sperm in petri dish. of TSH released from the pituitary gland responsible for
Testes (males): produce testosterone 3. one or two developing embryos inserted back into uterus. maintaining normal levels in the bloodstream
Ovaries (females): produce oestrogen ISSUES : risk of multiple births , low success rate. If the level of thyroxine is too high
Hormones : a chemical substance produced by a gland Importance of osmoregulation inhibit TRH release from the hypothalamus and this inhibits the
carried by blood and so circulate around the whole body Maintaining water levels in the body is vital to prevent harmful release of TSH from the pituitary, so less thyroxine is released from
they provide a signal that triggers a response. changes occurring to cells of the body as a result of osmosis the thyroid gland and normal blood levels are maintained.
They alter the activity of specific target cells, tissues or organs Too much water in the blood results in cells swelling as water If the level of thyroxine falls below a normal level
1. Adrenaline and how it prepares the body for action moves into them, this has a diluting effect and can lead to cell Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream stimulate the hypothalamus
known as the 'fight or flight' hormone. produced when the body may be in lysis (bursting) to release TRH which causes the pituitary to release TSH so the
danger Too little water in the blood and the cells lose water by thyroid releases more thyroxine. So blood levels return to normal.
It causes a range of things to happen in the body to prepare it for movement. osmosis, this has a dehydrating effect and can lead to cell Underactive thyroid can leads to increase in body weight as less
include: death glucose is being used up for respiration as metabolism drops.
> Increasing blood glucose concentration for increased respiration in muscle This then causes a person to gain body mass as the fat is stored
cells B7 - ANIMAL COORIDINATION, CONRTOL & HOMEOSTASIS in the body
> Increasing heart rate and breathing rate so glucose and oxygen can be URINE MENSTURAL CYCLE
delivered During the menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus builds up
Urine produced by the kidneys contains a mixture of : Urea ,
to. & ovulation occurs
Excess mineral ions and Excess water
muscle cells, and carbon dioxide taken away, from muscles cells more quickly The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long and there are
The colour & quantity of urine can change quickly
> Increased blood pressure four overall stages:
Large quantities of urine are usually pale yellow in colour because
> Diverting blood flow towards muscles and away from non-essential parts of the DAY 1-5 : Menstruation – loss of lining from the uterus,
it contains a lot of water and so the urea is less concentrated
body. occurs at the start of the cycle if no fertilisation has
Small quantities of urine are usually darker yellow / orange in
> Dilating pupils to allow as much light as possible to reach the retina. occurred
colour because it contains little water and so the urea is more
2. Insulin and how it controls blood sugar DAY 5-14 : he lining starts to thicken
concentrated
The pancreas and liver work together to control blood glucose levels. pancreas There are various reasons why the concentration of urine will change, DAY 14 :Ovulation occurs around the middle of the cycle,
acts as an endocrine gland (making and secreting hormones into the including: the egg travels down the oviduct towards the uterus
bloodstream) DAY 14-21 :oestrogen and progesterone increases to
Water intake - the more fluids drunk, the more water will be
If the blood glucose concentration gets too high: maintain lining in case egg is fertilised
removed from the body and so a large quantity of pale yellow,
- Cells in the pancreas detect the increased blood glucose levels DAY 21-28 :lining begins breaking down and O & P levels
dilute urine will be produced
- The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, secreting it into the blood decrease.
Temperature - the higher the temperature the more water is lost
- Insulin stimulates muscles and the liver to take up glucose from the Hormones involved:
in sweat and so less will appear in the urine, meaning a smaller
bloodstream FSH : released by the pituitary gland and causes an egg to
quantity of dark yellow, concentrated urine will be produced
and store it as glycogen (a polymer of glucose) start
Exercise - the greater the level of exercise, the more water is lost
- This reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood back to normal levels, at maturing in the ovary
in sweat and so less will appear in the urine, meaning a smaller
which point the pancreas stops secreting insulin It also stimulates the ovaries to start releasing oestrogen
quantity of dark yellow, concentrated urine will be produced
If the blood glucose concentration gets too low: Oestrogen : released from ovaries. rise from day 1 to peak
The Urinary System just before day 14.
- Cells in the pancreas detect the decreased blood glucose levels and produces
Two key functions of the urinary system are: causes the uterine wall to start thickening and the egg to
the hormone glucagon.
> To filter waste products from the blood and expel it from the mature
- Glucagon causes the glycogen stored in the liver to be converted into glucose
body as urine inhibits release of FSH and stimulates LH release.
and
> To control the water levels of the body (osmoregulation) LH : released from the pituitary gland on day 14.
released into the blood
The urinary system consists of : causes ovulation to occur and stimulates the ovary to
- This increases the concentration of glucose in the blood back to normal levels,
two kidneys : organs that filter blood. produce progesterone. no oestrogen
at
Ureter : tube connecting kidney to bladder. Progesterone : stays low from day 1 - 14 and starts to rise
which point the pancreas stops secreting glucagon
Bladder : organ that stores urine as its produced by kidneys. after ovulation.
3. Testosterone : produced in the male testes
Urethra : tube connecting bladder to exterior: where urine is maintains the uterus lining ; a fall in progesterone levels
4. Progesterone :produced in ovaries. job is to maintain the uterine lining.
released. causes the uterine lining to break down (menstruation).
5. Oestrogen : produced in ovaries. responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle
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