PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 11 TEST 2023

PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 11 TEST 2023 what is intelligence? - Answer-1. Intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do (Jean Piaget) 2. Intelligence (in all cultures) is the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use our knowledge to adapt to new situations. 3. In research studies, intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures. This tends to be "school smarts" a) Intelligence experts agree that intelligence is a concept and not a thing b) In many research studies, INTELLIGENCE has been operationally defined as whatever intelligence test measure, which has tended to be school smarts c) But intelligence is not a quality like height or weight, which has the same meaning to everyone around the globe d) People assign the term intelligence to the qualities that enable success in their own time and in their own culture e) In the Amazon rainforest, intelligence may be understanding the medicinal qualities of local plants. In a north american high school, it may be mastering difficult concepts in tough courses 4. In both locations INTELLIGENCE is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. what is general intelligence? What is factor analysis? - Answer-1. Spearman proposed that general intelligence (g) is liked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis a) For example, people who do well on vocabulary examinations do well on paragraph comprehension examinations, a cluster that helps define verbal intelligence. Other factors include a spatial ability factor, and a reasoning ability factor 2. Charles Spearman believed we have on GENERAL INTELLIGENCE (often shortened to g) a) General intelligence (g): a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test 3. He granted that people often have special abilities that stand out and he helped develop FACTOR ANALYSIS a) Factor analysis: a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score b) But Spearman also found that those who score high in one area, such as verbal intelligence, typically score higher than average in other areas, such as spatial or reasoning ability c) Spearman believed a common skill set, the g factor, underlies all intelligent behavior, from navigating the sea to excelling in school d) This idea of general mental capacity expressed by a single intelligence score was controversial in Spearman's day, and so it remains 4. One of Spearman's early opponents was L. L. Thurstone Thurstone gae 56 different tests to people and mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory) a) Thurstone did not rank people on a single scale of general aptitude b) But when other investigators studied these profiles, they detected a persistent tendency: those who excelled in one of the seven clusters generally scored well on the others c) So, the investigators concluded, there was still some evidence of a g factor d) We might, then, liken mental abilities to physical abilities e) Athleticism is not one thing by many f) The ability to run fast is distinct from the pion weightlifter rarely has the potential to be a skilled ice skater g) Yet there remains some tendency for good things to come package for good things to come packaged together-for running speed and throwing accuracy to correlate thanks to general athletic ability h) So, too, with intelligence 5. Several distinct abilities tend to cluster together and to correlate enough to define a general intelligence factor a) Satoshi Kanazwa argues that general intelligence evolved as a form of intelligence that helps people solve novel problems-how to stop a fire from spreading, how to find food during a drought, how to reunite with one's tribe on the other side of a flooded river b) More common problems-such as how to mate or how to read a stranger's face or how to find your way back to camp-required a different sort of intelligence c) Kanazawa asserts that general intelligence scores do correlate with the ability to solve various novel problems (like those found in academic and many vocational situations) but do not much correlate with individuals' skills in evolutionary familiar situations-such as marrying and parenting, forming close friendships, and navigating without maps d) No wonder academic and social skills may come in different bodies what is Howard Gardner's theory on intelligence? - Answer-1. Since the mid-1980s, some psychologists have sought to extend the definition of intelligence beyond Spearman's and Thurstone's academic smarts 2. Howard Gardner supports the idea that intelligence comes in multiple independent forms a) Gardner notes that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others 3. Gardner's eight intelligences a) Gardner's eight intelligences: naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal. b) Howard Gardner views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages 3. Brain damage, for example, may destroy one ability but leave others intact a) Using such evidence, Gardner argues that we do not have an intelligence, but rather MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE including the verbal and mathematical aptitudes assessed by standard tests CONTINUES...